Key term
AQA GCSE Combined Science Chemistry 8464
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewAtoms, elements and compoundsWord equations, symbols and balanced equationsMixturesFrom the plum pudding model to the nuclear modelBohr, Chadwick and the modern model of the atomRelative electrical charges of subatomic particlesSize and mass of atomsRelative atomic mass and electronic structureThe periodic tableDevelopment of the periodic tableMetals and non-metalsGroup 0Group 1Group 7
Bonding, Structure, and the Properties of Matter
Topic overviewChemical bonds, including metallic bondingIonic bondingIonic compoundsCovalent bonding and how it is representedThe three states of matter and changes of statePredicting state, state symbols, and the limits of the particle modelProperties of ionic compoundsProperties of small moleculesPolymers and giant covalent structuresProperties of metals and alloys, and why metals conductDiamond and graphiteGraphene and fullerenes
Chemical Analysis
Chemical Changes
Topic overviewThe reactivity seriesMetal oxides, extraction, and redox in terms of electronsAcids reacting with metals, neutralisation and saltsSoluble saltsThe pH scale and neutralisationStrong and weak acidsThe process of electrolysis, and molten ionic compoundsUsing electrolysis to extract metalsElectrolysis of aqueous solutionsRepresentation of reactions at electrodes as half equations
Chemistry of the Atmosphere
Topic overviewThe Earth's early atmosphereHow oxygen increased and carbon dioxide decreasedThe gases in today's atmosphere, and which are greenhouse gasesHuman activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphereGlobal climate change and carbon footprintsAtmospheric pollutants from fuels, and their effects
Energy Changes
Organic Chemistry
Quantitative Chemistry
The Rate and Extent of Chemical Change
Topic overviewMeasuring the mean rate of a reactionRate from graphs, and the gradient of a tangentFactors which affect the rates of chemical reactionsCollision theory and activation energyCatalystsReversible reactions and dynamic equilibriumThe effect of changing conditions on equilibriumThe effect of changing concentrationThe effect of temperature changes on equilibriumThe effect of pressure changes on equilibrium
Using Resources
Alternative methods of extracting metals
- 3 things to know
- Chemistry Paper 2
Overview
Metal ores and low-grade ores, why new ways of extracting copper are needed, phytomining and bioleaching and their advantages and disadvantages, leachate, obtaining copper from its solutions by displacement with scrap iron or by electrolysis, and when traditional mining is still preferred.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What is a metal ore?
Key term
Explain why the Earth's supply of metal ores cannot last for ever.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is a metal ore?
Model answer
A rock that contains enough of a metal compound to make extracting the metal worthwhile.
- 2
Explain why the Earth's supply of metal ores cannot last for ever.
Model answer
Ores took millions of years to form and are not being replaced as they are mined, so they are finite.
- 3
What is a low-grade ore?
Model answer
An ore that contains only a small percentage of the metal compound.
- 4
Explain why new methods of extracting copper are being developed.
Model answer
Copper-rich ores are becoming scarce, so copper increasingly has to be obtained from low-grade ores.
- 5
Name two biological methods of extracting copper from low-grade ores.
Model answer
Phytomining and bioleaching.
- 6
State one environmental advantage of the biological methods over traditional mining.
Model answer
They avoid digging up, moving and disposing of very large amounts of rock.
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