Key term
AQA A-Level Law 7162
The Nature of Law
Topic overviewDistributive and Corrective JusticeTheories of Justice: Rawls, Nozick and MarxWhat Law Does in SocietyHow Law and Morality Are EnforcedMoral Diversity in a Pluralist SocietyThe Hart-Devlin DebateProcedural Justice and UtilitarianismThe Rule of Law: Core RequirementsLaw, Rights and the Resolution of DisputesFault and Strict LiabilityWhere Law and Morality OverlapWolfenden and R v BrownAristotle on JusticeJustice through Civil and Criminal LawCriminal and civil law comparedCustom, statute and common law as sourcesEquality, Fairness and Clarity before the Law
The European Union and English Law
Legal Personnel and the Judiciary
Access to Justice and Funding
Parliamentary Law Making
Delegated Legislation
Statutory Interpretation
Judicial Precedent
Law Reform
The Civil Courts and Dispute Resolution
The Criminal Courts and Sentencing
Lay People: Magistrates and Juries
Criminal Law: Rules and Theory
General Elements of Liability
Fatal Offences Against the Person
Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person
Property Offences
Preliminary Offences
Criminal Defences
Tort: Rules and Theory
Negligence
Occupiers' Liability
Nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher
Vicarious Liability
Tort: Defences and Remedies
Contract: Rules and TheoryContract
Formation of a ContractContract
Contract TermsContract
Vitiating FactorsContract
Discharge of a ContractContract
Contract: RemediesContract
Human Rights: Rules and TheoryHuman rights
Topic overviewArticle 2 and Article 5: Life and LibertyArticle 11 and the Conditions for RestrictionRights, Liberties and Correlative DutiesThe Scope of Fundamental Human RightsArticle 2 Exceptions and the Article 5 GuaranteeInterfering with Article 8 RightsArticle 10: Freedom of Expression and Its LimitsThe Human Rights Act and Categories of Rights
Human Rights in International and UK LawHuman rights
The European Convention ArticlesHuman rights
Topic overviewFreedom of Association and Its LimitsArticle 2: Justified Deprivation of LifeArticle 5: Lawful Arrest and DetentionArticle 8: Private and Family LifeArticle 11: What It ProtectsArticle 2: Negative and Positive ObligationsThe Article 2.2 Exceptions in DetailArticle 5.1: Liberty and Security of PersonDetention under Article 5.1(a) to (c)Article 5.2 to 5.5: Information and ReviewArticle 10.1: Freedom of ExpressionWhich Paragraphs Permit RestrictionThe Grounds for Lawful DetentionEnforcing Rights in Strasbourg and by Judicial Review
Restrictions and EnforcementHuman rights
Topic overviewThe Common Requirements for RestrictionsLegitimate Aims and ProportionalityBringing a Claim to the Strasbourg CourtArticle 46, Judicial Review and Section 7 ClaimsPrescribed by Law and Necessary in a DemocracyLegitimate Aims for Restricting Articles 10 and 11Enforcement in Strasbourg and at HomeThe Two General Conditions for RestrictionLegitimate Aims across Articles 8, 10 and 11Who May Claim and How Rights Are EnforcedSupervising Judgments and Judicial Review Remedies
Reform of Human Rights LawHuman rights
Access to Justice and Funding
- 3 subtopics
- 11 things to know
- All three papers
What Access to Justice and Funding covers
How people get legal help: advice agencies, law centres, trade unions, conditional fee agreements and the criminal legal aid scheme.
Where it is assessed
All three papers
The nature of law and the English legal system, 25 marks on each paper.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 3 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Advice Services and Private FundingRecall questions on help lines, the Citizens Advice Bureau, law centres and trade unions, paying from one's own resources, before-the-event and after-the-event insurance, and conditional fee agreements.Open →
- Advice Agencies and Conditional Fee AgreementsRecall questions on what advice agencies offer and how they are staffed and funded, when insurance is taken out, and what a conditional fee agreement costs a client who wins or loses, including the capped success fee.Open →
- Criminal and Civil Legal AidRecall questions on criminal legal aid, free police station advice and the interests of justice and means tests, civil legal aid after the 2012 Act with its means and merits tests, and barriers to access to justice.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What does private funding through own resources mean in the context of legal services?
Key term
By what common name are conditional fee agreements known?
Key term
What service do legal help lines typically provide, and what is distinctive about their focus?
Key term
What do law centres provide, and how are they typically funded?
Key term
Define before-the-event insurance and give an example of where it might be included.
Key term
Which body administers public funding for criminal cases?
Key term
Is criminal legal aid for representation in the Crown Court subject to means testing?
Key term
What does the merits test for civil legal aid assess?
Process
What do the Citizens Advice Bureau, law centres and trade unions each provide?
Process
What advice does the CAB give, where do unions help, and how is a success fee capped?
Take Access to Justice and Funding further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Public law vs Private law
Public law: rules governing the state and its relationship with individuals. Private law: rules governing relationships between individuals or organisations.
Substantive justice vs Procedural justice
Substantive justice: fairness of the legal rule or outcome itself. Procedural justice: fairness of the process used to reach an outcome.
Civil law vs Criminal law
Civil law: disputes normally resolved through remedies for a claimant. Criminal law: offences prosecuted by the state and punishable upon conviction.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What service do legal help lines provide to members of the public?
Model answer
Free telephone-based legal guidance on specific areas of law, offering initial advice and signposting to further services.
- 2
What is the Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB)?
Model answer
A network of independent charities offering free, confidential advice on legal matters, debt, housing, employment and benefits through trained volunteers and advisers.
- 3
Define a law centre.
Model answer
A not-for-profit legal practice providing free legal advice and representation to people in disadvantaged communities, typically specialising in social welfare law.
- 4
What type of legal support do trade unions typically provide to their members?
Model answer
Legal advice and representation, particularly for employment-related disputes, workplace injuries and contractual matters.
- 5
What does private funding through own resources mean in the context of legal services?
Model answer
An individual pays for legal services directly from personal savings or income.
- 6
What is before-the-event insurance?
Model answer
Legal expenses cover purchased as part of home, motor or other insurance policies before any legal dispute arises.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Access to Justice and Funding revision questions
- What does Access to Justice and Funding cover in AQA A-Level Law?
- 3 subtopics: advice services and private funding, advice agencies and conditional fee agreements and criminal and civil legal aid. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Access to Justice and Funding organised?
- By the AQA 7162 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Access to Justice and Funding, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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