Process
AQA A-Level Law 7162
The Nature of Law
Topic overviewDistributive and Corrective JusticeTheories of Justice: Rawls, Nozick and MarxWhat Law Does in SocietyHow Law and Morality Are EnforcedMoral Diversity in a Pluralist SocietyThe Hart-Devlin DebateProcedural Justice and UtilitarianismThe Rule of Law: Core RequirementsLaw, Rights and the Resolution of DisputesFault and Strict LiabilityWhere Law and Morality OverlapWolfenden and R v BrownAristotle on JusticeJustice through Civil and Criminal LawCriminal and civil law comparedCustom, statute and common law as sourcesEquality, Fairness and Clarity before the Law
The European Union and English Law
Legal Personnel and the Judiciary
Access to Justice and Funding
Parliamentary Law Making
Delegated Legislation
Statutory Interpretation
Judicial Precedent
Law Reform
The Civil Courts and Dispute Resolution
The Criminal Courts and Sentencing
Lay People: Magistrates and Juries
Criminal Law: Rules and Theory
General Elements of Liability
Fatal Offences Against the Person
Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person
Property Offences
Preliminary Offences
Criminal Defences
Tort: Rules and Theory
Negligence
Occupiers' Liability
Nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher
Vicarious Liability
Tort: Defences and Remedies
Contract: Rules and TheoryContract
Formation of a ContractContract
Contract TermsContract
Vitiating FactorsContract
Discharge of a ContractContract
Contract: RemediesContract
Human Rights: Rules and TheoryHuman rights
Topic overviewArticle 2 and Article 5: Life and LibertyArticle 11 and the Conditions for RestrictionRights, Liberties and Correlative DutiesThe Scope of Fundamental Human RightsArticle 2 Exceptions and the Article 5 GuaranteeInterfering with Article 8 RightsArticle 10: Freedom of Expression and Its LimitsThe Human Rights Act and Categories of Rights
Human Rights in International and UK LawHuman rights
The European Convention ArticlesHuman rights
Topic overviewFreedom of Association and Its LimitsArticle 2: Justified Deprivation of LifeArticle 5: Lawful Arrest and DetentionArticle 8: Private and Family LifeArticle 11: What It ProtectsArticle 2: Negative and Positive ObligationsThe Article 2.2 Exceptions in DetailArticle 5.1: Liberty and Security of PersonDetention under Article 5.1(a) to (c)Article 5.2 to 5.5: Information and ReviewArticle 10.1: Freedom of ExpressionWhich Paragraphs Permit RestrictionThe Grounds for Lawful DetentionEnforcing Rights in Strasbourg and by Judicial Review
Restrictions and EnforcementHuman rights
Topic overviewThe Common Requirements for RestrictionsLegitimate Aims and ProportionalityBringing a Claim to the Strasbourg CourtArticle 46, Judicial Review and Section 7 ClaimsPrescribed by Law and Necessary in a DemocracyLegitimate Aims for Restricting Articles 10 and 11Enforcement in Strasbourg and at HomeThe Two General Conditions for RestrictionLegitimate Aims across Articles 8, 10 and 11Who May Claim and How Rights Are EnforcedSupervising Judgments and Judicial Review Remedies
Reform of Human Rights LawHuman rights
The European Union and English Law
- 4 subtopics
- 9 things to know
- All three papers
What The European Union and English Law covers
The EU institutions, the supremacy of EU law and direct effect, and what membership meant for the courts of England and Wales.
Where it is assessed
All three papers
The nature of law and the English legal system, 25 marks on each paper.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 4 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The Institutions of the European UnionRecall questions on the Council of the European Union, the Commission's sole right to propose and its enforcement role, how the European Parliament is elected and what it does, and the Court of Justice.Open →
- Treaties, Regulations and DirectivesRecall questions on treaties as the primary source of EU law, what makes a regulation directly applicable, how directives are transposed, and why a directive can vary between member states when a regulation cannot.Open →
- Supremacy and Direct EffectRecall questions on the supremacy of EU law, the case that established it, and what direct effect means for a national court.Open →
- EU Law, Sovereignty and Preliminary ReferencesRecall questions on the functions of the Court of Justice, direct effect and its four conditions, what a national court must do with conflicting domestic law, EU membership and parliamentary sovereignty, and the preliminary reference procedure.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What is the composition of the Council of the European Union?
Key term
What are treaties in the context of EU law?
Key term
What is the principle of supremacy of EU law?
Key term
What does 'direct effect' mean in EU law?
Key term
Give an example of how EU law has impacted employment law in England and Wales.
Process
Define EU directives.
Key term
What is the Council of the European Union and who are its members?
Key term
Why is it important that the Court of Justice of the European Union interprets EU law?
Take The European Union and English Law further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Regulation vs Directive
Regulation: EU law that is binding in full and applies directly without national implementation. Directive: EU law binding as to the result, leaving the method to each member state.
Direct effect vs Supremacy
Direct effect: the principle that an EU provision can be relied on in a national court. Supremacy: the principle that EU law prevails over conflicting national law.
Vertical direct effect vs Horizontal direct effect
Vertical direct effect: a right enforceable against the state or an emanation of it. Horizontal direct effect: a right enforceable against another private party.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the composition of the Council of the European Union?
Model answer
Government ministers from each member state.
- 2
What is the primary legislative function of the Council of the European Union?
Model answer
It is the main decision-making body that adopts EU legislation, often jointly with the European Parliament.
- 3
What role does the European Commission play in initiating EU legislation?
Model answer
The European Commission proposes new EU legislation.
- 4
How does the European Commission ensure member states comply with EU law?
Model answer
It enforces EU law against member states.
- 5
What is the European Commission's role regarding the day-to-day running of the EU?
Model answer
It manages the day-to-day business of implementing EU policies.
- 6
How are members of the European Parliament selected?
Model answer
They are directly elected by EU citizens.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
The European Union and English Law revision questions
- What does The European Union and English Law cover in AQA A-Level Law?
- 4 subtopics: the institutions of the european union, treaties, regulations and directives, supremacy and direct effect and eu law, sovereignty and preliminary references. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is The European Union and English Law organised?
- By the AQA 7162 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in The European Union and English Law, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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