Process
AQA A-Level Law 7162
The Nature of Law
Topic overviewDistributive and Corrective JusticeTheories of Justice: Rawls, Nozick and MarxWhat Law Does in SocietyHow Law and Morality Are EnforcedMoral Diversity in a Pluralist SocietyThe Hart-Devlin DebateProcedural Justice and UtilitarianismThe Rule of Law: Core RequirementsLaw, Rights and the Resolution of DisputesFault and Strict LiabilityWhere Law and Morality OverlapWolfenden and R v BrownAristotle on JusticeJustice through Civil and Criminal LawCriminal and civil law comparedCustom, statute and common law as sourcesEquality, Fairness and Clarity before the Law
The European Union and English Law
Legal Personnel and the Judiciary
Access to Justice and Funding
Parliamentary Law Making
Delegated Legislation
Statutory Interpretation
Judicial Precedent
Law Reform
The Civil Courts and Dispute Resolution
The Criminal Courts and Sentencing
Lay People: Magistrates and Juries
Criminal Law: Rules and Theory
General Elements of Liability
Fatal Offences Against the Person
Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person
Property Offences
Preliminary Offences
Criminal Defences
Tort: Rules and Theory
Negligence
Occupiers' Liability
Nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher
Vicarious Liability
Tort: Defences and Remedies
Contract: Rules and TheoryContract
Formation of a ContractContract
Contract TermsContract
Vitiating FactorsContract
Discharge of a ContractContract
Contract: RemediesContract
Human Rights: Rules and TheoryHuman rights
Topic overviewArticle 2 and Article 5: Life and LibertyArticle 11 and the Conditions for RestrictionRights, Liberties and Correlative DutiesThe Scope of Fundamental Human RightsArticle 2 Exceptions and the Article 5 GuaranteeInterfering with Article 8 RightsArticle 10: Freedom of Expression and Its LimitsThe Human Rights Act and Categories of Rights
Human Rights in International and UK LawHuman rights
The European Convention ArticlesHuman rights
Topic overviewFreedom of Association and Its LimitsArticle 2: Justified Deprivation of LifeArticle 5: Lawful Arrest and DetentionArticle 8: Private and Family LifeArticle 11: What It ProtectsArticle 2: Negative and Positive ObligationsThe Article 2.2 Exceptions in DetailArticle 5.1: Liberty and Security of PersonDetention under Article 5.1(a) to (c)Article 5.2 to 5.5: Information and ReviewArticle 10.1: Freedom of ExpressionWhich Paragraphs Permit RestrictionThe Grounds for Lawful DetentionEnforcing Rights in Strasbourg and by Judicial Review
Restrictions and EnforcementHuman rights
Topic overviewThe Common Requirements for RestrictionsLegitimate Aims and ProportionalityBringing a Claim to the Strasbourg CourtArticle 46, Judicial Review and Section 7 ClaimsPrescribed by Law and Necessary in a DemocracyLegitimate Aims for Restricting Articles 10 and 11Enforcement in Strasbourg and at HomeThe Two General Conditions for RestrictionLegitimate Aims across Articles 8, 10 and 11Who May Claim and How Rights Are EnforcedSupervising Judgments and Judicial Review Remedies
Reform of Human Rights LawHuman rights
Formation of a Contract
- 7 subtopics
- 22 things to know
- Paper 3
- Paper 3, the law of contract — one of two options
What Formation of a Contract covers
Offer and acceptance, consideration and privity, and intention to create legal relations — the four requirements of a binding agreement.
The 7 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Offer, Invitation to Treat and AcceptanceRecall questions on what an offer is, what separates it from an invitation to treat, examples of each, and the meaning of acceptance.Open →
- Consideration, Privity and Legal RelationsRecall questions on existing duties and part payment as consideration, privity and the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, and the presumptions about intention to create legal relations in domestic and commercial agreements.Open →
- The Requirements of Offer and AcceptanceRecall questions on the two characteristics an offer must have, what acceptance means, what unqualified requires and how an invitation to treat differs.Open →
- The Postal Rule and Termination of OffersRecall questions on when the postal rule forms a contract and when it does not apply, acceptance by telephone or email, offers with no time limit, and the effect of death on an offer.Open →
- The Rules of ConsiderationRecall questions on what consideration is, why it must move from the promisee, the sufficiency and adequacy distinction and the rule on past consideration.Open →
- Promissory Estoppel and Privity of ContractRecall questions on promissory estoppel as a shield not a sword and its requirements, privity at common law, when the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 lets a third party enforce a term, and limits on varying the contract.Open →
- Intention to Create Legal RelationsRecall questions on why intention is essential, the presumptions for commercial and domestic agreements and the evidence that rebuts each.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What is an offer in contract law?
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How does lapse of time terminate an offer?
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Does performing an existing duty owed to the promisor constitute good consideration?
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What is meant by privity of contract?
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What presumption applies to domestic and social agreements regarding intention to create legal relations?
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What two essential characteristics must an offer possess?
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To whom can an offer be made?
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What is the legal effect of a counter-offer on the original offer?
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Under the postal rule, at what moment is a contract formed?
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When is acceptance effective for instantaneous methods of communication such as telephone or email?
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What is the general effect of the death of the offeror or offeree on an offer?
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What is consideration in contract law?
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Explain the distinction between sufficiency and adequacy of consideration.
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What is the second requirement for the exception to the past consideration rule?
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What does it mean that promissory estoppel operates as 'a shield not a sword'?
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What is the doctrine of privity of contract?
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How must a third party be identified in the contract to have enforcement rights under the 1999 Act?
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Why is intention to create legal relations considered an essential requirement for a valid contract?
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What principle was established in Balfour v Balfour?
Key term
Why might a court find that an agreement between family members to share competition winnings is legally binding?
Process
Give examples of invitations to treat, define acceptance, and state when postal acceptance takes effect.
Take Formation of a Contract further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Consideration vs Promissory estoppel
Consideration: something valuable exchanged for a promise. Promissory estoppel: equitable restraint on retracting a relied-upon assurance.
Executed consideration vs Executory consideration
Executed consideration: value supplied through a completed act. Executory consideration: value promised for future performance.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is an offer in contract law?
Model answer
An offer is a definite promise to be bound on specific terms, capable of acceptance without further negotiation.
- 2
What distinguishes an offer from an invitation to treat?
Model answer
An invitation to treat is not an offer but an invitation for others to make offers; examples include goods displayed in a shop window or advertisements. An offer, by contrast, is a definite promise capable of immediate acceptance.
- 3
Give two examples of invitations to treat.
Model answer
Goods displayed in a shop window and advertisements.
- 4
Define acceptance in contract law.
Model answer
Acceptance is the unqualified agreement to all terms of an offer, communicated to the offeror.
- 5
Why must acceptance mirror the offer exactly?
Model answer
Because a response that varies the terms constitutes a counter-offer, which destroys the original offer and cannot later be accepted.
- 6
What happens if an offeree responds with different terms instead of accepting?
Model answer
This constitutes a counter-offer, which destroys the original offer; the offeree cannot subsequently accept the original offer.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Formation of a Contract revision questions
- What does Formation of a Contract cover in AQA A-Level Law?
- 7 subtopics: offer, invitation to treat and acceptance, consideration, privity and legal relations, the requirements of offer and acceptance, the postal rule and termination of offers, the rules of consideration, promissory estoppel and privity of contract and intention to create legal relations. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Formation of a Contract organised?
- By the AQA 7162 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Formation of a Contract, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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