Key term
CCEA AS-Level Chemistry 1110
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewProtons, neutrons and electronsAtomic number, mass number and the composition of ionsIsotopes and relative isotopic massRelative atomic, molecular and formula massMass spectra and relative atomic mass calculationsMass spectra of diatomic elementsElectronic configuration and the building up principleOrbitals, electron spin and orbital shapesThe s-, p-, d- and f-blocks of the Periodic TableIonisation energies and their equationsTrends in ionisation energy as evidence for shells and subshells
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic bonding and electron transferDot and cross diagrams for ionic compoundsCovalent bonding and the shared pairLone pairs and co-ordinate bondingDot and cross diagrams for covalent molecules and ionsThe octet rule and its limitationsElectronegativity and bond polarityMetallic bonding
Intermolecular Forces and Structure
Shapes of Molecules and Ions
Redox
The Halogens
Acid-Base Titrations
Qualitative Tests
Formulae and Amounts of a Substance
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Topic overviewAlkanes as saturated hydrocarbonsBoiling points of alkanes and van der Waals' forcesBoiling points of branched isomersComplete and incomplete combustion of alkanesPollutants from alkane fuels and the atmosphereCatalytic convertersRadicals, homolytic fission and heterolytic fissionFree radical substitution of alkanes
Alkenes
Topic overviewUnsaturated hydrocarbons and the bromine water testSigma and pi bonds in the carbon–carbon double bondElectron density at C=C, reactivity and catalytic hydrogenationAddition of chlorine and bromine to alkenesAddition of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromideElectrophiles, heterolytic fission and the addition mechanismCarbocation stability and Markovnikov additionAddition polymerisation of alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewClassification and boiling points of halogenoalkanesLaboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcoholNucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkaliReactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanideRelative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpyElimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxideCFCs and the ozone layer
Alcohols
Infrared Spectroscopy
Energetics
Topic overviewExothermic and endothermic changesStandard conditions and the standard enthalpy changeEnthalpy level diagramsStandard enthalpies of combustion and formationStandard enthalpy of neutralisationMeasuring enthalpy changes by experimentEnthalpy calculations using q = mcΔTHess's Law and enthalpy cyclesIndirect enthalpy calculations using Hess's LawAverage bond enthalpies and their limitations
Kinetics
Equilibrium
Group II Elements and Their Compounds
Topic overviews-block character and electronic configurationTrends in atomic radius and first ionisation energyReactions of the elements with oxygen, water and dilute acidsThe oxides and their reactions with water and dilute acidsThermal stability of the carbonates and hydroxidesUses of magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and limeSolubility trends and solubility curves
Halogenoalkanes
- 7 subtopics
- 21 things to know
- Unit AS 2
What Halogenoalkanes covers
Halogenoalkanes is examined in Unit AS 2, Further Physical and Inorganic Chemistry and an Introduction to Organic Chemistry, and drawn on again in Unit AS 3, Basic Practical Chemistry. It covers classification and boiling points of halogenoalkanes, laboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcohol, nucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkali, reactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanide, relative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpy, elimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxide and CFCs and the ozone layer.
Where it is assessed
Unit AS 2
Further Physical and Inorganic Chemistry and an Introduction to Organic Chemistry, and again in Unit AS 3, Basic Practical Chemistry.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 7 subtopics
Each one has its own page. CCEA AS Chemistry students sit this topic in the first year.
- Classification and boiling points of halogenoalkanesVariation in boiling point of halogenoalkanes containing different halogen atoms and why branching lowers the boiling point of isomeric halogenoalkanes.Open →
- Laboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcoholHeating a mixture under reflux and final purification step in this preparation.Open →
- Nucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkaliTerm nucleophile, reagent and conditions for the hydrolysis of a halogenoalkane and class of organic compound produced when a halogenoalkane is hydrolysed.Open →
- Reactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanideOrganic product formed when bromoethane reacts with excess ammonia, mechanism operates when ammonia reacts with a halogenoalkane and organic product formed when bromoethane reacts with potassium cyanide.Open →
- Relative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpyRecall questions on the silver nitrate experiment comparing three halogenoalkanes, why ethanol is the solvent, the order of hydrolysis rates and its explanation by bond enthalpy rather than polarity, the four carbon–halogen bond enthalpies, the precipitate colours, and the variables that must be controlled.Open →
- Elimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxideRecall questions on the reagent and conditions for elimination, the hydroxide ion acting as a base rather than a nucleophile, the mechanism in curly arrows, the equations for bromoethane and 2-bromopropane, why 2-bromobutane gives two alkenes and which predominates, and how conditions decide between substitution and elimination.Open →
- CFCs and the ozone layerRecall questions on what a chlorofluorocarbon is and why it was used, where the ozone layer is and what it does, which bond breaks in the stratosphere and why, the two propagation steps by which a chlorine radical destroys ozone, why one radical destroys many molecules, and the action taken.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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How is residual acid removed from a crude halogenoalkane?
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Why is a large excess of ammonia used when it reacts with a halogenoalkane?
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Explain the order of the rates of hydrolysis of chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes in terms of bond enthalpy
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How is a halogenoalkane classified as secondary?
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Give three nucleophiles that react with halogenoalkanes.
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State the reagent and conditions used to eliminate a hydrogen halide from a halogenoalkane.
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Give the name and formula of a typical chlorofluorocarbon.
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How is a halogenoalkane classified as tertiary?
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State the reagent and conditions for the hydrolysis of a halogenoalkane.
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State the reagent and conditions for the reaction of a halogenoalkane with ammonia.
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Describe how the relative rates of hydrolysis of three halogenoalkanes are compared in the laboratory.
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Write the equation for the reaction of bromoethane with ethanolic potassium hydroxide.
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Give the formula of ozone.
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How do the boiling points of chloroethane, bromoethane and iodoethane compare?
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Name the five techniques used to prepare and purify a liquid halogenoalkane from the corresponding alcohol.
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Write the equation for the hydrolysis of bromoethane by aqueous sodium hydroxide.
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Why is the reaction with ammonia carried out in a sealed tube?
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Why is ethanol used as the solvent when rates of hydrolysis are compared with aqueous silver nitrate?
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Name the organic product formed when bromoethane is heated with ethanolic potassium hydroxide.
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Write the equation for the breaking of dichlorodifluoromethane by ultraviolet radiation.
Take Halogenoalkanes further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
How is a halogenoalkane classified as primary?
Model answer
A halogenoalkane is primary when the carbon atom carrying the halogen is attached to one other carbon atom, or to none at all.
- 2
How is a halogenoalkane classified as secondary?
Model answer
A halogenoalkane is secondary when the carbon atom carrying the halogen is attached to two other carbon atoms.
- 3
How is a halogenoalkane classified as tertiary?
Model answer
A halogenoalkane is tertiary when the carbon atom carrying the halogen is attached to three other carbon atoms.
- 4
Classify 2-bromobutane as primary, secondary or tertiary.
Model answer
It is secondary, because the carbon holding the bromine atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms.
- 5
Classify 2-chloro-2-methylpropane as primary, secondary or tertiary.
Model answer
It is tertiary, because the carbon holding the chlorine atom is bonded to three methyl groups.
- 6
Classify 1-bromopropane as primary, secondary or tertiary.
Model answer
It is primary, because the carbon holding the bromine atom is bonded to only one other carbon atom.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Halogenoalkanes revision questions
- Is Halogenoalkanes examined at AS in CCEA Chemistry?
- Yes. It sits in Unit AS 2, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does Halogenoalkanes cover in CCEA AS-Level Chemistry?
- 7 subtopics: classification and boiling points of halogenoalkanes, laboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcohol, nucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkali, reactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanide, relative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpy, elimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxide and cfcs and the ozone layer. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Halogenoalkanes organised?
- By the CCEA 1110 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Halogenoalkanes, on a schedule.
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