State two inputs of material to the coastal system.

Sediment delivered by rivers and sediment eroded from cliffs, with further material supplied from offshore and by the wind.

What are the main outputs from a coastal system?

Sediment carried offshore into deep water or along the coast out of the cell, sediment blown inland into dunes, and energy lost through friction and wave breaking.

Give three stores found within a coastal system.

Beaches, sand dunes and offshore bars, along with spits, salt marshes and the nearshore sediment on the sea bed.

WJEC A-Level Geography 601-8455-3

Coastal Landscapes

Glaciated Landscapes

Topic overview The glacier as an open system Climate change and the glacier budget Glacier movement Types of ice mass and their distribution Glacial weathering and erosion processes Macro-scale erosional landforms Glacial transport and depositional landforms Fluvioglacial landforms Suites of landforms in glacial landscapes Periglacial processes and ground ice Periglacial action of water and wind Glacial change over different timescales Glacial environments and human activity

Tectonic Hazards

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Changing Places

Topic overview What gives a place its character Flows and connections that shape places Meaning, perception and attachment to place How places are represented Economic restructuring and the Clark Fisher model Deindustrialisation and social inequality The service economy and its impacts The knowledge economy and clusters Rebranding rural places Managing change in rural places Rebranding urban places Managing change in urban places Comparing a home place with a contrasting place How place change affects people's lives

Water and Carbon Cycles

Topic overview The water cycle as a global system and mass balance Global water stores and residence times Cryospheric processes and sea-level change Drainage basin inputs, stores and outputs Flows within the drainage basin River regimes and their controls Storm hydrographs and hydrograph shape Air uplift, cloud formation and precipitation Excess runoff and flooding Deficit in the water cycle and aquifer recharge The global carbon cycle and its stores Carbon pathways between land and the atmosphere Carbon transfers involving the oceans Carbon stores in biomes and land-use change Changing carbon stores in peatlands Rising atmospheric carbon and its impacts Feedback within and between the water and carbon cycles

Global Migration

Topic overview Globalisation and a shrinking world Classifying and mapping migration Causes of international economic migration Consequences and management of economic migration Refugee movements and internal displacement Rural-urban migration in developing countries Superpowers and global hub cities Migration policy and public debate in the UK Managing refugee crises Informal settlements in developing cities

Global Governance of the Oceans

Topic overview Supranational institutions and global governance Laws and agreements governing the oceans Strategic value of the oceans and maritime security Shipping, cables and illicit flows Sovereignty over ocean resources Managing marine environments Ocean pollution and its management Governance across scales: an ocean case study

EcosystemsContemporary theme

Topic overview The value of ecosystems to people The distribution of global biomes Ecosystem structure, energy flow and productivity Nutrient cycling in contrasting biomes Measuring and threatening biodiversity Conserving biodiversity Succession and local ecosystems The Arctic tundra biome Sustainable use of the Arctic tundra

Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme

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Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme

Topic overview China's relief, drainage and climate China's population, society and governance China's resources, hazards and economic geography China's global role and economic growth Environmental pressures of China's growth Sustainable development strategies in China

Development in an African ContextContemporary theme

Topic overview Defining and measuring development Physical factors influencing development Economic factors influencing development Political, social and cultural factors in development The environmental cost of development Desertification Strategies to promote development

Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme

Topic overview Classifying and distributing energy resources Physical factors in energy supply The changing demand for energy Managing oil and gas globally Problems of extraction, transport and use Energy mixes and development Sustainable solutions to energy demand

Weather and ClimateContemporary theme

Topic overview Structure of the atmosphere and the heat budget Global atmospheric and oceanic circulation The world's major climate types Weather and climate of Wales and the UK Extreme weather and ENSO Hazards of low and high pressure systems Urban climates and air quality People, climate and the future

Fieldwork and Geographical Skills

Topic overview The six-stage enquiry process Sampling and data collection Presenting geographical data Statistical analysis of geographical data Fieldwork techniques and apparatus Map skills: grid references, latitude and longitude, scale and direction

Key Concepts in Geography

Topic overview Systems, equilibrium and feedback Causality, interdependence and mitigation Resilience, risk and sustainability Place, space, scale and representation

Coastal Landscapes

The coast as an open system

3 things to know
AS Unit 1

Overview

Describing the coast as an open system, four components used to describe the coastal system and two inputs of material to the coastal system.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What is meant by describing the coast as an open system?

Key term

Name the four components used to describe the coastal system.

Key term

Give three inputs of energy to the coastal system.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is meant by describing the coast as an open system?
Model answer
The coast is an open system because energy and material can both enter and leave it across its boundaries, rather than circulating within a closed set of stores.
2
Name the four components used to describe the coastal system.
Model answer
Inputs, outputs, stores and transfers, sometimes called flows.
3
Give three inputs of energy to the coastal system.
Model answer
Wave energy, tidal energy and wind energy, with a further input from currents.
4
State two inputs of material to the coastal system.
Model answer
Sediment delivered by rivers and sediment eroded from cliffs, with further material supplied from offshore and by the wind.
5
What are the main outputs from a coastal system?
Model answer
Sediment carried offshore into deep water or along the coast out of the cell, sediment blown inland into dunes, and energy lost through friction and wave breaking.
6
Give three stores found within a coastal system.
Model answer
Beaches, sand dunes and offshore bars, along with spits, salt marshes and the nearshore sediment on the sea bed.

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Coastal Landscapes

Glaciated Landscapes

Tectonic Hazards

Changing Places

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Governments must win votes.

ruralurbanelite

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AFew coastal people recognised the signs.

BThe coasts were densely populated.

CMany communities were struck with no notice at all.

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The Mariana Trench reaches almost 11,000 m below sea level.

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