Key term
WJEC A-Level Geography 601-8455-3
Coastal Landscapes
Topic overviewThe coast as an open systemSediment sources and sediment cellsTides and coastal currentsConstructive and destructive wavesHigh energy coasts and erosional landscape systemsLow energy coasts and depositional landscape systemsFetch, wave refraction and wave energyLithology and structural geology at the coastSub-aerial weathering and mass movementMarine processes of erosionErosional landforms of rocky coastsCoastal transport and longshore driftDeposition, flocculation and sediment sortingDepositional landforms of sandy coastsSand dunes and aeolian processesEstuaries, tidal flats and salt marshesCoral reefs and mangrove coastlinesCoastal change over different timescalesCoastal processes and human activityHuman impact on coastal landscape systems
Glaciated Landscapes
Topic overviewThe glacier as an open systemClimate change and the glacier budgetGlacier movementTypes of ice mass and their distributionGlacial weathering and erosion processesMacro-scale erosional landformsGlacial transport and depositional landformsFluvioglacial landformsSuites of landforms in glacial landscapesPeriglacial processes and ground icePeriglacial action of water and windGlacial change over different timescalesGlacial environments and human activity
Tectonic Hazards
Topic overviewThe internal structure of the EarthMechanisms of plate movementDivergent and conservative plate marginsConvergent margins and subductionHot spots and the global distribution of tectonic hazardsThe hazard profile and measuring magnitudeTypes of volcano and styles of eruptionPrimary volcanic hazardsSecondary volcanic hazardsImpacts of volcanic activity at different scalesContrasting volcanic eruptionsEarthquake characteristics and seismic wavesEarthquake hazards and ground behaviourTsunami processes and impactsContrasting earthquake eventsRisk, vulnerability and human factorsMonitoring, prediction and warningMitigation, response and the hazard management cycle
Changing Places
Topic overviewWhat gives a place its characterFlows and connections that shape placesMeaning, perception and attachment to placeHow places are representedEconomic restructuring and the Clark Fisher modelDeindustrialisation and social inequalityThe service economy and its impactsThe knowledge economy and clustersRebranding rural placesManaging change in rural placesRebranding urban placesManaging change in urban placesComparing a home place with a contrasting placeHow place change affects people's lives
Water and Carbon Cycles
Topic overviewThe water cycle as a global system and mass balanceGlobal water stores and residence timesCryospheric processes and sea-level changeDrainage basin inputs, stores and outputsFlows within the drainage basinRiver regimes and their controlsStorm hydrographs and hydrograph shapeAir uplift, cloud formation and precipitationExcess runoff and floodingDeficit in the water cycle and aquifer rechargeThe global carbon cycle and its storesCarbon pathways between land and the atmosphereCarbon transfers involving the oceansCarbon stores in biomes and land-use changeChanging carbon stores in peatlandsRising atmospheric carbon and its impactsFeedback within and between the water and carbon cycles
Global Migration
Topic overviewGlobalisation and a shrinking worldClassifying and mapping migrationCauses of international economic migrationConsequences and management of economic migrationRefugee movements and internal displacementRural-urban migration in developing countriesSuperpowers and global hub citiesMigration policy and public debate in the UKManaging refugee crisesInformal settlements in developing cities
Global Governance of the Oceans
Topic overviewSupranational institutions and global governanceLaws and agreements governing the oceansStrategic value of the oceans and maritime securityShipping, cables and illicit flowsSovereignty over ocean resourcesManaging marine environmentsOcean pollution and its managementGovernance across scales: an ocean case study
EcosystemsContemporary theme
Topic overviewThe value of ecosystems to peopleThe distribution of global biomesEcosystem structure, energy flow and productivityNutrient cycling in contrasting biomesMeasuring and threatening biodiversityConserving biodiversitySuccession and local ecosystemsThe Arctic tundra biomeSustainable use of the Arctic tundra
Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme
Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme
Development in an African ContextContemporary theme
Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme
Weather and ClimateContemporary theme
Fieldwork and Geographical Skills
Global Governance of the Oceans
- 8 subtopics
- 24 things to know
- A2 Unit 3
What Global Governance of the Oceans covers
Global Governance of the Oceans is examined in A2 Unit 3, Global Systems and Global Governance. It covers supranational institutions and global governance, laws and agreements governing the oceans, strategic value of the oceans and maritime security, shipping, cables and illicit flows, sovereignty over ocean resources, managing marine environments, ocean pollution and its management and governance across scales: an ocean case study.
The 8 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Supranational institutions and global governanceGlobal governance and supranational institution.Open →
- Laws and agreements governing the oceansMain purpose of UNCLOS, continental shelf claim under UNCLOS and high seas.Open →
- Strategic value of the oceans and maritime securityChokepoint in maritime trade, three oil transit chokepoints and two piracy hotspots.Open →
- Shipping, cables and illicit flowsTrend in the size of container ships, flag of convenience and UN body that regulates international shipping.Open →
- Sovereignty over ocean resourcesFour categories of resource found in the oceans, polymetallic nodules and state whose maritime area vastly exceeds its land area.Open →
- Managing marine environmentsGlobal Commons, tragedy of the commons in a marine context and three causes of the over-exploitation of marine ecosystems.Open →
- Ocean pollution and its managementFour sources of ocean pollution, how agricultural run-off reaches the sea and how eutrophication produces a dead zone.Open →
- Governance across scales: an ocean case studyArctic Council, two emerging Arctic shipping routes and UNESCO marine World Heritage Site.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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Trace the route from a fertilised field to a stretch of sea in which nothing can live.
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Where is shipping preyed upon, what is done about it, and what association did Britain's maritime past leave behind?
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Give two global agreements that apply in the Arctic.
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Define global governance.
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What does UNCLOS stand for?
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What is a TEU?
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Define overfishing.
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Why did so many international institutions emerge after 1945?
Evaluation
How far from the coast does a state's territorial sea extend under UNCLOS?
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Why do superpowers regard the oceans as strategically vital?
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Explain why container ports concentrate in a small number of huge hubs.
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Name four categories of resource found in the oceans.
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Name three causes of the over-exploitation of marine ecosystems.
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Name four sources of ocean pollution.
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Name one binding agreement negotiated through the Arctic Council.
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Name the principal organ of the UN responsible for international peace and security.
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What rights does a state have in its territorial sea?
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Name three oil transit chokepoints.
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What is a flag of convenience?
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What are polymetallic nodules?
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What is bycatch, and why does it matter?
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Explain how agricultural run-off reaches the sea.
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Give one reason sea ice loss increases the governance challenge.
Take Global Governance of the Oceans further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Territorial sea vs Exclusive economic zone
Territorial sea: the belt of water within 12 nautical miles of the baseline, over which a state holds full sovereignty. Exclusive economic zone: the belt within 200 nautical miles, over which a state holds rights to natural resources but not sovereignty.
People smuggling vs People trafficking
People smuggling: a paid service moving someone across a border, whose relationship with them ends on arrival. People trafficking: the movement of someone by coercion or deception, which continues into their exploitation afterwards.
Overfishing vs Bycatch
Overfishing: taking a stock faster than it can reproduce, so that its population declines over time. Bycatch: the unintended capture of creatures that were never the object of the fishing at all.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Define global governance.
Model answer
Global governance is the set of institutions, laws and agreements through which states and other bodies manage issues that cross national borders.
- 2
What is a supranational institution?
Model answer
A supranational institution is a body whose member states have agreed to accept decisions taken collectively, above the level of any one national government.
- 3
Why did so many international institutions emerge after 1945?
Model answer
The Second World War had shown the cost of unmanaged rivalry, so states built permanent bodies to settle disputes, rebuild economies and prevent another collapse of order.
- 4
Name the principal organ of the UN responsible for international peace and security.
Model answer
The Security Council.
- 5
Which five states hold permanent seats and a veto on the UN Security Council?
Model answer
China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.
- 6
Give one criticism of the Security Council's structure.
Model answer
The veto reflects the balance of power in 1945 rather than today, and it lets any permanent member block action even where it is itself involved.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Global Governance of the Oceans revision questions
- What does Global Governance of the Oceans cover in WJEC A-Level Geography?
- 8 subtopics: supranational institutions and global governance, laws and agreements governing the oceans, strategic value of the oceans and maritime security, shipping, cables and illicit flows, sovereignty over ocean resources, managing marine environments, ocean pollution and its management and governance across scales: an ocean case study. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Global Governance of the Oceans organised?
- By the WJEC 601-8455-3 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Global Governance of the Oceans, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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