Key term
WJEC A-Level Geography 601-8455-3
Coastal Landscapes
Topic overviewThe coast as an open systemSediment sources and sediment cellsTides and coastal currentsConstructive and destructive wavesHigh energy coasts and erosional landscape systemsLow energy coasts and depositional landscape systemsFetch, wave refraction and wave energyLithology and structural geology at the coastSub-aerial weathering and mass movementMarine processes of erosionErosional landforms of rocky coastsCoastal transport and longshore driftDeposition, flocculation and sediment sortingDepositional landforms of sandy coastsSand dunes and aeolian processesEstuaries, tidal flats and salt marshesCoral reefs and mangrove coastlinesCoastal change over different timescalesCoastal processes and human activityHuman impact on coastal landscape systems
Glaciated Landscapes
Topic overviewThe glacier as an open systemClimate change and the glacier budgetGlacier movementTypes of ice mass and their distributionGlacial weathering and erosion processesMacro-scale erosional landformsGlacial transport and depositional landformsFluvioglacial landformsSuites of landforms in glacial landscapesPeriglacial processes and ground icePeriglacial action of water and windGlacial change over different timescalesGlacial environments and human activity
Tectonic Hazards
Topic overviewThe internal structure of the EarthMechanisms of plate movementDivergent and conservative plate marginsConvergent margins and subductionHot spots and the global distribution of tectonic hazardsThe hazard profile and measuring magnitudeTypes of volcano and styles of eruptionPrimary volcanic hazardsSecondary volcanic hazardsImpacts of volcanic activity at different scalesContrasting volcanic eruptionsEarthquake characteristics and seismic wavesEarthquake hazards and ground behaviourTsunami processes and impactsContrasting earthquake eventsRisk, vulnerability and human factorsMonitoring, prediction and warningMitigation, response and the hazard management cycle
Changing Places
Topic overviewWhat gives a place its characterFlows and connections that shape placesMeaning, perception and attachment to placeHow places are representedEconomic restructuring and the Clark Fisher modelDeindustrialisation and social inequalityThe service economy and its impactsThe knowledge economy and clustersRebranding rural placesManaging change in rural placesRebranding urban placesManaging change in urban placesComparing a home place with a contrasting placeHow place change affects people's lives
Water and Carbon Cycles
Topic overviewThe water cycle as a global system and mass balanceGlobal water stores and residence timesCryospheric processes and sea-level changeDrainage basin inputs, stores and outputsFlows within the drainage basinRiver regimes and their controlsStorm hydrographs and hydrograph shapeAir uplift, cloud formation and precipitationExcess runoff and floodingDeficit in the water cycle and aquifer rechargeThe global carbon cycle and its storesCarbon pathways between land and the atmosphereCarbon transfers involving the oceansCarbon stores in biomes and land-use changeChanging carbon stores in peatlandsRising atmospheric carbon and its impactsFeedback within and between the water and carbon cycles
Global Migration
Topic overviewGlobalisation and a shrinking worldClassifying and mapping migrationCauses of international economic migrationConsequences and management of economic migrationRefugee movements and internal displacementRural-urban migration in developing countriesSuperpowers and global hub citiesMigration policy and public debate in the UKManaging refugee crisesInformal settlements in developing cities
Global Governance of the Oceans
Topic overviewSupranational institutions and global governanceLaws and agreements governing the oceansStrategic value of the oceans and maritime securityShipping, cables and illicit flowsSovereignty over ocean resourcesManaging marine environmentsOcean pollution and its managementGovernance across scales: an ocean case study
EcosystemsContemporary theme
Topic overviewThe value of ecosystems to peopleThe distribution of global biomesEcosystem structure, energy flow and productivityNutrient cycling in contrasting biomesMeasuring and threatening biodiversityConserving biodiversitySuccession and local ecosystemsThe Arctic tundra biomeSustainable use of the Arctic tundra
Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme
Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme
Development in an African ContextContemporary theme
Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme
Weather and ClimateContemporary theme
Fieldwork and Geographical Skills
Global Migration
- 10 subtopics
- 30 things to know
- A2 Unit 3
What Global Migration covers
Global Migration is examined in A2 Unit 3, Global Systems and Global Governance. It covers globalisation and a shrinking world, Classifying and mapping migration, causes of international economic migration, consequences and management of economic migration, refugee movements and internal displacement, rural-urban migration in developing countries, superpowers and global hub cities, migration policy and public debate in the UK, managing refugee crises and informal settlements in developing cities.
The 10 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Globalisation and a shrinking worldFive global flows that drive globalisation, shrinking world and how containerisation transformed global trade.Open →
- Classifying and mapping migrationEconomic migrant, refugee in international law and asylum seeker.Open →
- Causes of international economic migrationPush factor in migration, pull factor in migration and how poverty acts as a driver of out-migration.Open →
- Consequences and management of economic migrationBrain drain, brain gain and interdependency in the context of migration.Open →
- Refugee movements and internal displacementThree causes of international refugee movements, geopolitical event and land grab.Open →
- Rural-urban migration in developing countriesRural-urban migration, how mechanised agriculture pushes people off the land and effect of a land grab on indigenous people.Open →
- Superpowers and global hub citiesSoft power, emerging power and world city.Open →
- Migration policy and public debate in the UKPoints-based immigration system, why national statistics can conceal the local experience of migration and integration in migration policy.Open →
- Managing refugee crisesThree functions of UNHCR in an emergency, principle of non-refoulement and three durable solutions UNHCR seeks for refugees.Open →
- Informal settlements in developing citiesInformal settlement, security of tenure and informal economy.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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Explain why refugee camps intended as temporary often last for decades.
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Why do informal settlements often occupy hazardous sites?
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Name the five global flows that drive globalisation.
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Define a migrant.
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What is a push factor in migration?
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Define a remittance.
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Name three causes of international refugee movements.
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Define rural-urban migration.
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What is a points-based immigration system?
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What is meant by a shrinking world?
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Distinguish internal migration from international migration.
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What is a pull factor in migration?
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What is the brain drain?
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Explain how the actions of powerful states can generate refugee flows far from their own territory.
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Give three rural push factors in a developing country.
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Define soft power.
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Give two concerns commonly raised about immigration in the UK.
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What does UNHCR stand for?
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Define an informal settlement.
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Give three transport developments that have shrunk the world.
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Distinguish voluntary migration from forced migration.
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Explain how primary commodity prices drive migration.
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Explain why the brain drain is costly to a developing country.
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Define a land grab.
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Explain how mechanised agriculture pushes people off the land.
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Give two examples of soft power that draw migrants to a country.
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Why do the effects of immigration vary sharply between UK regions?
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Name the three durable solutions UNHCR seeks for refugees.
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Give three characteristics of an informal settlement.
Take Global Migration further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Refugee vs Economic migrant
Refugee: a person outside their own country who cannot return because of a well-founded fear of persecution. Economic migrant: a person who has chosen to move in order to work or improve their standard of living.
Asylum seeker vs Internally displaced person
Asylum seeker: someone whose claim for protection has been lodged but not yet decided. Internally displaced person: someone forced from home who has not crossed an international border at all.
Push factor vs Pull factor
Push factor: a condition at the origin that makes people want to leave, such as poverty or conflict. Pull factor: an attraction at the destination that draws people in, such as work or safety.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Define globalisation.
Model answer
Globalisation is the growing interconnection of countries through flows of goods, capital, people, technology and ideas, so that events in one place have effects far away.
- 2
Name the five global flows that drive globalisation.
Model answer
Flows of goods and services, of money and capital, of people, of technology, and of information and ideas.
- 3
What is meant by a shrinking world?
Model answer
A shrinking world describes the way improvements in transport and communication cut the time and cost of covering distance, so places become effectively closer together.
- 4
Give three transport developments that have shrunk the world.
Model answer
The jet aircraft, container shipping, and high-speed rail, with cheap air travel opening long-distance movement to ordinary incomes.
- 5
Explain how containerisation transformed global trade.
Model answer
Standard steel boxes can be moved between ship, rail and lorry without unpacking, which cut handling costs and time so far that goods can profitably be made on one continent and sold on another.
- 6
Give two communication developments that have shrunk the world.
Model answer
Fibre-optic submarine cables carrying near-instant data, and the mobile internet putting that connection in a migrant's pocket.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Global Migration revision questions
- What does Global Migration cover in WJEC A-Level Geography?
- 10 subtopics: globalisation and a shrinking world, classifying and mapping migration, causes of international economic migration, consequences and management of economic migration, refugee movements and internal displacement, rural-urban migration in developing countries, superpowers and global hub cities, migration policy and public debate in the uk, managing refugee crises and informal settlements in developing cities. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Global Migration organised?
- By the WJEC 601-8455-3 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Global Migration, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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