What are Erikson's first two stages?

Trust versus mistrust occurs in infancy, when a baby learns whether carers are reliable. Autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs in the toddler years, as the child gains independence.

What are Erikson's third and fourth stages?

Initiative versus guilt occurs in the preschool years, as children plan and start activities. Industry versus inferiority occurs in the primary school years, as children develop skills and compare themselves with others.

What is Erikson's fifth stage, and why is it central to identity?

Identity versus role confusion occurs in adolescence. Teenagers explore different roles and values to work out who they are.

What are Erikson's final three stages?

Intimacy versus isolation occurs in young adulthood, and generativity versus stagnation occurs in middle age. Ego integrity versus despair occurs in old age, when people look back on their lives.

Edexcel GCSE Psychology 1PS0

Development

Topic overview Early brain development Piaget's theory of cognitive development Dweck's mindset theory and Willingham's learning theory The three mountains task and Gunderson's praise study The development of morality

Memory

Topic overview Information processing, duration and capacity Retrograde and anterograde amnesia Bartlett's theory of reconstructive memory The multi-store model, reductionism and holism War of the Ghosts and the Peterson and Peterson study

Psychological Problems

Topic overview Symptoms of depression and addiction Incidence and effects of mental health problems Explaining depression Explaining addiction Treating depression and addiction Key studies and the nature–nurture debate

The Brain and Neuropsychology

Topic overview Lobes of the brain and the effects of damage Lateralisation and Sperry's split-brain study Neurons, synapses and the central nervous system Phineas Gage and how brain research has changed

Social Influence

Topic overview Conformity to majority influence Obedience to authority Bystander intervention Crowd behaviour, society and culture Piliavin's subway study and the Stanford prison study

Criminal PsychologyOptional topic

Topic overview Operant conditioning and social learning explanations of crime Eysenck's criminal personality theory Punishment, recidivism and rehabilitation Bandura's Bobo doll study and Charlton's St Helena study

The SelfOptional topic

Topic overview Self-concept and influences on self-esteem Erikson's identity stages and belief in free will Rogers' and Maslow's humanistic theory Measuring personality and trait theory Vohs and Schooler's cheating study and Van Houtte and Jarvis's pet study

PerceptionOptional topic

Topic overview Depth cues, visual illusions and constancies Gibson's direct theory and Gregory's constructivist theory Perceptual set The Haber and Levin and Carmichael studies

Sleep and DreamingOptional topic

Topic overview Sleep stages and the sleep cycle Influences on sleep and sleep disorders Freud's theory of dreaming and activation synthesis theory Freud's Little Hans and Siffre's cave study

Language, Thought and CommunicationOptional topic

Topic overview Piaget and Vygotsky on language and thought Linguistic relativism and determinism Human and animal communication Non-verbal communication and Darwin's evolutionary theory The Yuki and Boroditsky studies

Research Methods

Topic overview Variables, hypotheses and controls Sampling methods Experiments and experimental designs Interviews, questionnaires and types of data Correlations, case studies and observations Ethical issues in psychological research Evaluating studies and the core areas of psychology Averages, calculations and graphs

The Self

Erikson's identity stages and belief in free will

3 things to know
Paper 2

Overview

Erikson's eight psychosocial stages and the search for identity in adolescence, free will and determinism, and Baumeister's argument about believing in free will.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Process

What happens in each of Erikson's first four stages of development?

Key term

What did Erikson (1959) propose about identity development?

Process

What happens when a person resolves, or fails to resolve, the conflict at one of Erikson's stages?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What did Erikson (1959) propose about identity development?
Model answer
Erikson proposed that identity develops through eight psychosocial stages across the whole lifespan. Each stage involves a conflict that must be resolved.
2
What happens when a person resolves, or fails to resolve, the conflict at one of Erikson's stages?
Model answer
Successful resolution gives the person a lasting strength, such as hope or competence. An unresolved conflict can cause problems in later stages.
3
What are Erikson's first two stages?
Model answer
Trust versus mistrust occurs in infancy, when a baby learns whether carers are reliable. Autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs in the toddler years, as the child gains independence.
4
What are Erikson's third and fourth stages?
Model answer
Initiative versus guilt occurs in the preschool years, as children plan and start activities. Industry versus inferiority occurs in the primary school years, as children develop skills and compare themselves with others.
5
What is Erikson's fifth stage, and why is it central to identity?
Model answer
Identity versus role confusion occurs in adolescence. Teenagers explore different roles and values to work out who they are.
6
What are Erikson's final three stages?
Model answer
Intimacy versus isolation occurs in young adulthood, and generativity versus stagnation occurs in middle age. Ego integrity versus despair occurs in old age, when people look back on their lives.

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Development

Memory

Psychological Problems

The Brain and Neuropsychology

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