How does long-term training affect muscular strength, and which performer benefits?

Muscular strength increases, so the muscles can apply more force. A rugby forward benefits when driving in a scrum.

How does long-term training affect muscular endurance?

Muscular endurance improves, so muscles can contract repeatedly for longer without tiring. A rower can keep up a powerful stroke for the whole race.

What does an improved resistance to fatigue allow a performer to do?

The muscles can keep working hard for longer before tiring, because they tolerate lactic acid better. A midfielder can still sprint hard late in the second half.

What happens to the heart as a result of long-term aerobic training?

The heart muscle gets bigger and stronger, which is called hypertrophy of the heart. The wall of the left ventricle thickens, so each contraction is more forceful.

OCR GCSE Physical Education J587

Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Topic overview Bones and functions of the skeleton Synovial joints and the movements they allow Major muscle groups and antagonistic pairs The cardiovascular system The respiratory system and gas exchange Aerobic and anaerobic exercise Short-term effects of exercise Long-term effects of exercise

Movement Analysis

Topic overview Lever systems and mechanical advantage Planes and axes of movement

Physical Training

Topic overview Components of fitness Fitness tests and fitness data Collecting and presenting data Principles of training FITT and training zones Training methods Warm-ups and cool-downs Preventing injury and sports hazards

Socio-Cultural Influences

Topic overview Participation in physical activity and sport Participation trends in England Commercialisation, the media and sponsorship Sportsmanship, gamesmanship, deviance and violence Drugs in sport

Sports Psychology

Topic overview Skilful movement and the classification of skills Goal setting and SMART targets Mental preparation Types of guidance Types of feedback

Health, Fitness and Well-Being

Topic overview Health, fitness and the physical benefits of exercise Emotional and social benefits of activity Components of a balanced diet Diet, hydration and energy use

Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Long-term effects of exercise

3 things to know
J587/01

Overview

Bone density, muscle hypertrophy, strength and endurance, a bigger, stronger heart, lower resting heart rate, faster recovery, aerobic capacity and capillarisation, with worked figures.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

An endurance athlete exercising at maximum has a heart rate of 190 bpm and a stroke volume of 160 ml. Calculate the cardiac output.

Key term

How does regular weight-bearing exercise affect bone density?

Key term

What is muscle hypertrophy, and what type of training causes it?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
How does regular weight-bearing exercise affect bone density?
Model answer
Weight-bearing exercise such as running or gymnastics increases bone density. Denser bones are stronger and less likely to fracture, lowering the risk of osteoporosis later in life.
2
What is muscle hypertrophy, and what type of training causes it?
Model answer
Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of a muscle. Regular resistance work, such as weightlifting, makes the muscle fibres thicker.
3
How does long-term training affect muscular strength, and which performer benefits?
Model answer
Muscular strength increases, so the muscles can apply more force. A rugby forward benefits when driving in a scrum.
4
How does long-term training affect muscular endurance?
Model answer
Muscular endurance improves, so muscles can contract repeatedly for longer without tiring. A rower can keep up a powerful stroke for the whole race.
5
What does an improved resistance to fatigue allow a performer to do?
Model answer
The muscles can keep working hard for longer before tiring, because they tolerate lactic acid better. A midfielder can still sprint hard late in the second half.
6
What happens to the heart as a result of long-term aerobic training?
Model answer
The heart muscle gets bigger and stronger, which is called hypertrophy of the heart. The wall of the left ventricle thickens, so each contraction is more forceful.

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Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Movement Analysis

Physical Training

Socio-Cultural Influences

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