What did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis find about the most common attachment type across cultures?

Secure attachment (Type B) was the most common type in all cultures studied.

What did cross-cultural research find about variation in attachment types within versus between cultures?

There was greater variation in attachment types within cultures than between cultures.

How do cross-cultural differences in attachment distributions support the nurture side of the debate?

Differences in attachment type distributions between cultures suggest that child-rearing practices and cultural values influence attachment type.

What is the nature-nurture issue raised by cross-cultural attachment research?

Whether attachment types are universal and therefore innate, or shaped by the child-rearing practices of a particular culture.

Why is the Strange Situation criticised as an imposed etic?

It was designed around American norms of separation and independence and is then applied unchanged to cultures with very different practices.

Edexcel A-Level Psychology 9PS0

Social Psychology

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Clinical Psychology

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Criminological PsychologyApplication

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Child PsychologyApplication

Topic overview Bowlby's theory of attachment Ainsworth and the Strange Situation Research into deprivation Research into privation Research into day care Cross-cultural research into attachment Autism: features, explanations and therapies Individual differences in child psychology Developmental psychology in child psychology Observation in child psychology Questionnaires and interviews in child psychology Issues with self-report in child research Cross-cultural research methods The ethics of researching with children Analysing data in child psychology Classic study: van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)Contemporary study: Cassibba et al. (2013)Contemporary study: Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al. (2012)Contemporary study: Li et al. (2013) child care timing Key question in child psychology Practical investigation in child psychology Issues and debates in child psychology

Health PsychologyApplication

Child Psychology

Cross-cultural research into attachment

2 things to know
Papers 2 and 3

Overview

Recall questions on the nature-nurture question, variation between and within cultures, and the imposed etic criticism of the Strange Situation.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What key finding about secure attachment has emerged from meta-analyses of cross-cultural attachment research?

Key term

How do cross-cultural similarities in attachment support the nature side of the debate?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis find about the most common attachment type across cultures?
Model answer
Secure attachment (Type B) was the most common type in all cultures studied.
2
What did cross-cultural research find about variation in attachment types within versus between cultures?
Model answer
There was greater variation in attachment types within cultures than between cultures.
3
How do cross-cultural similarities in attachment support the nature side of the debate?
Model answer
The finding that secure attachment is most common across all cultures suggests an innate, universal basis for attachment.
4
How do cross-cultural differences in attachment distributions support the nurture side of the debate?
Model answer
Differences in attachment type distributions between cultures suggest that child-rearing practices and cultural values influence attachment type.
5
What is the nature-nurture issue raised by cross-cultural attachment research?
Model answer
Whether attachment types are universal and therefore innate, or shaped by the child-rearing practices of a particular culture.
6
Why is the Strange Situation criticised as an imposed etic?
Model answer
It was designed around American norms of separation and independence and is then applied unchanged to cultures with very different practices.

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