What was the aim of Baddeley's classic study on coding in memory?

To investigate whether long-term memory encodes information acoustically or semantically, by testing how acoustic and semantic similarity affect recall of word sequences.

Give an example of an acoustically similar word list.

Words that sound alike, such as 'man, cab, can, cad, mad'.

Give an example of a semantically similar word list.

Words with similar meanings, such as 'great, large, big, huge, broad'.

What task did participants complete?

They heard a list of words and then had to recall the words in the correct order.

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Topic overview Agency theory and social impact theory Milgram's research into obedience Factors affecting obedience and resistance Social identity theory and realistic conflict theory Factors affecting prejudice and discrimination Individual differences in obedience and prejudice Developmental psychology in obedience and prejudice Designing questionnaires and interviews Types of interview and question Alternate and null hypotheses Sampling techniques Quantitative and qualitative data Analysing quantitative data Thematic analysis of qualitative data The BPS code of ethics and conduct Risk management in psychological research Classic study: Sherif et al. (1954) Robbers Cave Contemporary study: Burger (2009)Contemporary study: Reicher and Haslam (2006)Contemporary study: Cohrs et al. (2012)Key question in social psychology Designing the practical investigation Analysing and reporting the practical investigation Ethics and practical issues in social psychology Nature-nurture, social control and reducing prejudice Reductionism and comparing explanations Culture, gender and social sensitivity

Cognitive Psychology

Topic overview The working memory model The multi-store model of memory Episodic and semantic long-term memory Reconstructive memory and schema theory Individual differences in memory Developmental psychology in memory Laboratory and field experiments Independent and dependent variables Experimental and null hypotheses One-tailed and two-tailed tests Experimental designs Operationalisation, extraneous and confounding variables Order effects and counterbalancing Situational and participant variables Objectivity, reliability and validity Demand characteristics and experimenter effects Measures of central tendency and dispersion Graphical presentation of data Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Significance, critical values and errors Case studies of brain-damaged patients Classic study: Baddeley (1966)Contemporary study: Schmolck et al. (2002)Contemporary study: Steyvers and Hemmer (2012)Contemporary study: Sebastián and Hernández-Gil (2012)Key question in cognitive psychology Practical investigation in cognitive psychology Issues and debates in cognitive psychology

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Clinical Psychology

Topic overview Diagnosing mental disorders and the four Ds The DSM and ICD classification systems Symptoms and features of schizophrenia Explanations of schizophrenia Anorexia nervosa: symptoms and explanations Obsessive-compulsive disorder: symptoms and explanations Unipolar depression: symptoms and explanations Treatments for schizophrenia and the second disorder Individual differences in clinical psychology Developmental psychology in clinical psychology HCPC guidelines for clinical practitioners Researching mental health Case studies in clinical psychology Interviews in clinical psychology Choosing an inferential test Descriptive statistics, levels of measurement and significance Thematic analysis and grounded theory Classic study: Rosenhan (1973)Contemporary study: Carlsson et al. (2000)Contemporary study: Kroenke et al. (2008)Contemporary study: Williams et al. (2013)Contemporary study: Scott-Van Zeeland et al. (2013)Contemporary study: Guardia et al. (2012)Contemporary study: Masellis et al. (2003)Contemporary study: March et al. (2004) POTS Key question in clinical psychology Practical investigation in clinical psychology Issues and debates in clinical psychology Comparing the classic studies

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Health PsychologyApplication

Cognitive Psychology

Classic study: Baddeley (1966)

3 things to know
Papers 1 and 3

Overview

Recall questions on the acoustic and semantic similarity conditions, what each showed about short- and long-term coding, and the study's limitations.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What did Baddeley find about semantically similar words in long-term memory?

Study

What were the four word-list conditions in Baddeley's study?

Who and when

What research method did Baddeley use?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What was the aim of Baddeley's classic study on coding in memory?
Model answer
To investigate whether long-term memory encodes information acoustically or semantically, by testing how acoustic and semantic similarity affect recall of word sequences.
2
What research method did Baddeley use?
Model answer
A laboratory experiment using an independent groups design.
3
What were the four word-list conditions in Baddeley's study?
Model answer
Acoustically similar words, acoustically dissimilar words, semantically similar words, and semantically dissimilar words.
4
Give an example of an acoustically similar word list.
Model answer
Words that sound alike, such as 'man, cab, can, cad, mad'.
5
Give an example of a semantically similar word list.
Model answer
Words with similar meanings, such as 'great, large, big, huge, broad'.
6
What task did participants complete?
Model answer
They heard a list of words and then had to recall the words in the correct order.

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