Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Bioenergetics
Why organisms respire, and aerobic versus anaerobic
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Respiration as a continuous exothermic reaction in all living cells, the energy it supplies, aerobic against anaerobic respiration in oxygen use, energy transferred and products, why muscles respire anaerobically, and energy used for building molecules, movement and keeping warm.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
A student says that only animals respire. Explain why this is wrong.
Key term
Explain why an organism cannot survive if respiration stops in its cells.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Explain why cellular respiration is described as an exothermic reaction.
Model answer
Because it transfers energy out to the surroundings from the chemicals reacting.
- 2
In which cells does respiration take place, and how often?
Model answer
In all living cells, and it happens continuously.
- 3
A student says that only animals respire. Explain why this is wrong.
Model answer
Respiration occurs continuously in every living cell, including plant cells and the cells of microorganisms.
- 4
What is the energy transferred by respiration used for?
Model answer
It supplies all the energy needed for the organism's living processes.
- 5
Explain why an organism cannot survive if respiration stops in its cells.
Model answer
Respiration supplies all the energy for its living processes, and those processes cannot continue without it.
- 6
State the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of oxygen.
Model answer
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, while anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen.
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