Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Selective breeding
- 2 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
Selective breeding or artificial selection and its history, choosing and breeding parents over many generations, characteristics chosen in crops, farm animals, dogs and flowers, inbreeding and its problems, and the effects on variation and food production.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Once the first generation of offspring has been produced, what is done next?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is selective breeding?
Model answer
The process in which humans choose which plants or animals breed together so that particular characteristics are passed on.
- 2
By what other name is selective breeding known?
Model answer
Artificial selection.
- 3
How long have humans been carrying out selective breeding?
Model answer
For thousands of years.
- 4
Where did today's food crops originally come from?
Model answer
They were bred from wild plants by early farmers.
- 5
What is the first step in a programme of selective breeding?
Model answer
Choosing parents that show the desired characteristic from a mixed population.
- 6
Once the first generation of offspring has been produced, what is done next?
Model answer
The offspring that show the desired characteristic are bred together.
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