Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
The understanding of genetics
- 2 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
Mendel's breeding experiments on plants and why their importance was missed, the observation of chromosome behaviour, the link between Mendel's units and chromosomes, units renamed genes, the structure of DNA and gene function, and gene theory as the work of many scientists.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Put these three advances in the order they happened: the structure of DNA was determined; Mendel's breeding experiments; the behaviour of chromosomes was observed.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Who carried out breeding experiments on plants in the mid-nineteenth century?
Model answer
Gregor Mendel.
- 2
On what type of organism did Mendel carry out his breeding experiments?
Model answer
On plants.
- 3
What did Mendel conclude determined the inheritance of each characteristic?
Model answer
Units that are passed on to descendants.
- 4
What did Mendel observe about the units as they passed from parents to descendants?
Model answer
They were passed on unchanged.
- 5
Why was the importance of Mendel's discovery not recognised in his lifetime?
Model answer
Chromosomes and their behaviour had not yet been observed, so there was nothing to connect his units to, and his work was only understood after his death.
- 6
Put these three advances in the order they happened: the structure of DNA was determined; Mendel's breeding experiments; the behaviour of chromosomes was observed.
Model answer
Mendel's breeding experiments came first, then the observation of chromosome behaviour, then the determining of the structure of DNA.
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