Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Organisation
The pacemaker, the blood vessels and the blood
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
The natural and artificial pacemaker, the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries, calculating the rate of blood flow, and blood as a tissue of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, red blood cell adaptations and haemoglobin, telling white from red blood cells, phagocytes, and platelets in clotting.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Explain why veins contain valves but arteries do not.
Key term
How is the rate of blood flow through a vessel calculated?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Where in the heart is the group of cells that sets the natural resting heart rate?
Model answer
In the right atrium.
- 2
What does the heart's natural pacemaker do?
Model answer
It produces electrical impulses that control how often the heart muscle contracts.
- 3
What is an artificial pacemaker used for?
Model answer
It is an electrical device fitted to a patient to correct an irregular heart rate.
- 4
Name the three types of blood vessel found in the body.
Model answer
Arteries, veins and capillaries.
- 5
Describe the structure of an artery and explain how it suits the artery's function.
Model answer
It has thick, muscular and elastic walls with a narrow lumen, which withstand and help maintain the high pressure of blood leaving the heart.
- 6
Explain why veins contain valves but arteries do not.
Model answer
Blood in the veins is at low pressure and could flow backwards, so valves are needed to keep it moving towards the heart.
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