Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Homeostasis and Response
Insulin, glucagon and diabetes
- 3 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
How the pancreas releases insulin to move glucose into cells and store it as glycogen, why high blood glucose harms cells, the causes, signs and treatments of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, why insulin is injected, and reading glucose drink results.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What is the characteristic sign of untreated Type 1 diabetes?
Key term
Explain why insulin has to be injected rather than swallowed.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Which organ monitors and controls the concentration of glucose in the blood?
Model answer
The pancreas.
- 2
Which hormone is released when the blood glucose concentration becomes too high?
Model answer
Insulin.
- 3
What effect does insulin have on the glucose in the blood?
Model answer
It causes glucose to move out of the blood and into the cells.
- 4
What happens to excess glucose in liver and muscle cells?
Model answer
It is converted into glycogen and stored.
- 5
Describe what happens in the body between a sugary meal and blood glucose returning to normal.
Model answer
The pancreas detects the rise and releases insulin, which makes cells take up glucose and the liver and muscles store the excess as glycogen, so the concentration falls.
- 6
Why is a very high blood glucose concentration harmful to cells?
Model answer
It makes the blood plasma too concentrated, so water is drawn out of the cells by osmosis and they cannot work properly.
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