Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
What genetic engineering is, and what it is used for
- 2 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
The definition of genetic engineering, where the new gene comes from, engineered crops and insulin from bacteria, cutting out and transferring a gene, and the benefits, objections and risks.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What has to be put into a bacterial cell so that it will produce a human substance?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is genetic engineering?
Model answer
Changing an organism's genome by introducing a gene from another organism, to give it a desired characteristic.
- 2
Where does the new gene put into a genetically engineered organism come from?
Model answer
From a different organism.
- 3
Give two characteristics that crop plants have been genetically engineered to have.
Model answer
Resistance to disease, and bigger or better fruit.
- 4
Which human substance is made by genetically engineered bacteria to treat diabetes?
Model answer
Human insulin.
- 5
What has to be put into a bacterial cell so that it will produce a human substance?
Model answer
The human gene for that substance.
- 6
In genetic engineering, what is done to a gene before it is transferred?
Model answer
It is cut out of the chromosome of the organism it comes from.
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