Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction
- 3 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
Variation and natural selection as advantages of sexual reproduction, selective breeding, the speed and efficiency of asexual reproduction in stable conditions, organisms that use both such as malarial parasites, fungi and strawberries, and choosing a type of reproduction for roses, greenfly and fish farms.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
State two ways in which asexual reproduction saves an organism time and energy.
Key term
Which is faster, sexual or asexual reproduction?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
State the main advantage of sexual reproduction for a species.
Model answer
It produces variation in the offspring.
- 2
How does the variation produced by sexual reproduction help a species when its environment changes?
Model answer
Some individuals have characteristics suited to the new conditions, so they survive and breed by natural selection.
- 3
How do humans speed up natural selection to increase food production?
Model answer
By selective breeding, choosing which plants and animals reproduce so that useful characteristics become more common.
- 4
State two ways in which asexual reproduction saves an organism time and energy.
Model answer
Only one parent is needed, and no time or energy is spent finding a mate.
- 5
Which is faster, sexual or asexual reproduction?
Model answer
Asexual reproduction is faster.
- 6
When conditions are favourable, what is the advantage of producing many genetically identical offspring?
Model answer
A large population can be built up quickly and every offspring is suited to those conditions.
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