Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
GM crops, their risks, and the steps of the process
- 2 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
What genetically modified crops are and the insect and herbicide resistance and higher yields they give, concerns about wild flowers, insects, birds and human health, and hopes of using genetic modification to overcome inherited disorders.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Give two characteristics that genetically modified crops have been given.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is a genetically modified crop?
Model answer
A crop whose genes have been changed by genetic engineering.
- 2
Give two characteristics that genetically modified crops have been given.
Model answer
Resistance to insect attack and resistance to herbicides.
- 3
What effect does genetic modification usually have on the yield of a crop?
Model answer
Yields are generally increased.
- 4
How does making a crop resistant to a herbicide help a farmer?
Model answer
Weeds can be killed with the herbicide without harming the crop, so the yield is higher.
- 5
Give one environmental concern about growing genetically modified crops.
Model answer
They may affect populations of wild flowers and insects.
- 6
Give one concern raised about eating genetically modified crops.
Model answer
Some people feel the effects on human health have not been fully explored.
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