Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Organisation
Health issues
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Health as physical and mental well-being, communicable and non-communicable disease, the effects of diet, stress and life situation, how immune defects, viruses and pathogens link to infections, cancer and allergies, links between physical and mental health, and sampling and presenting disease data in bar charts, scatter diagrams, frequency tables and histograms.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Explain how someone with no disease at all might still not be in good health.
Key term
Define health.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Describe the relationship between health and disease.
Model answer
Disease is a major cause of ill health, but a person can be in poor health without having a disease at all.
- 2
Explain how someone with no disease at all might still not be in good health.
Model answer
Health includes mental well-being, so stress, a poor diet or a difficult life situation can leave a person unhealthy.
- 3
Define health.
Model answer
Health is the state of physical and mental well-being.
- 4
Is health simply the absence of disease? Justify your answer.
Model answer
No — it is a state of both physical and mental well-being, which factors other than disease also affect.
- 5
What is a communicable disease?
Model answer
A disease that can be passed from one person or organism to another.
- 6
What is a non-communicable disease?
Model answer
A disease that cannot be spread between people, such as heart disease or cancer.
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