Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Organisation
Risk factors and causal mechanisms in disease
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
The human and financial costs of non-communicable disease, national differences in disease, what risk factors are and why correlation is not causation, the effects of exercise, smoking, obesity and alcohol, carcinogens, and measured against perceived risk for imposed, unfamiliar and invisible hazards.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Suggest why rates of non-communicable disease differ between one country and another.
Key term
What is a risk factor?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Describe one financial cost of non-communicable disease to a country.
Model answer
Treating and caring for patients takes a large share of the health budget, and people too ill to work reduce the country's output.
- 2
Describe one human cost of non-communicable disease to a family.
Model answer
Long illness and early death cause distress, and relatives may have to give up work or study to provide care.
- 3
Suggest why rates of non-communicable disease differ between one country and another.
Model answer
Diet, alcohol use, smoking rates and access to healthcare differ, so the lifestyle risk factors people are exposed to are not the same.
- 4
What is a risk factor?
Model answer
Something that is linked to an increased rate of a disease.
- 5
Does a risk factor always cause the disease it is linked to? Explain your answer.
Model answer
No — the link may only be a correlation, and a causal mechanism has to be shown separately.
- 6
A study finds that people who drink more coffee suffer more heart attacks. Explain why this does not prove that coffee causes heart attacks.
Model answer
The two are only correlated; another factor, such as smoking being commoner among heavy coffee drinkers, could be the real cause.
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