Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Homeostasis and Response
The nervous system and the reflex arc
- 3 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
How the nervous system carries electrical impulses, the central nervous system and effectors, the stimulus to response pathway, sensory, relay and motor neurones and synapses in a reflex arc, why reflexes are rapid and automatic, and measuring reaction times, with anomalous results, reproducibility, range, uncertainty in a mean and significant figures.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What two things does the nervous system allow humans to do?
Key term
In what form does information travel along a neurone?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
How is the structure of the nervous system suited to carrying information quickly?
Model answer
Long neurones carry electrical impulses directly from receptors to the central nervous system and on to effectors, so responses are very fast.
- 2
What two things does the nervous system allow humans to do?
Model answer
React to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.
- 3
In what form does information travel along a neurone?
Model answer
As an electrical impulse.
- 4
Which two organs make up the central nervous system?
Model answer
The brain and the spinal cord.
- 5
What is the role of the central nervous system in a response?
Model answer
It receives information from receptors and coordinates the response by sending impulses to effectors.
- 6
Give the two kinds of effector and state what each does.
Model answer
Muscles, which contract, and glands, which secrete hormones.
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