Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Speciation
- 2 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
Alfred Russel Wallace, his joint writings with Darwin in 1858, his worldwide evidence and work on warning colouration, the impact of Darwin and Wallace's ideas, and speciation as isolated populations become genetically different until they can no longer interbreed.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
How did Wallace gather his evidence for evolutionary theory?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Who independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection at the same time as Darwin?
Model answer
Alfred Russel Wallace.
- 2
In which year did Wallace and Darwin publish joint writings?
Model answer
1858.
- 3
What did the joint writings prompt Darwin to do?
Model answer
They prompted him to publish On the Origin of Species the following year.
- 4
How did Wallace gather his evidence for evolutionary theory?
Model answer
He worked worldwide, gathering evidence as he travelled.
- 5
Apart from his theory of speciation, what is Wallace best known for?
Model answer
His work on warning colouration in animals.
- 6
What is warning colouration?
Model answer
Bright colouring that warns predators an animal is poisonous or dangerous, so it is left alone.
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