Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Organisation
Plant tissues, and transpiration and its rate
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Palisade and spongy mesophyll, epidermis and meristem tissue, the leaf as an organ, xylem and phloem, how temperature, humidity, air movement and light affect transpiration, measuring and graphing water uptake, and the transport system of roots, stem and leaves.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Where is meristem tissue found in a plant, and what can its cells do?
Key term
Name the tissues and cells that make up a leaf.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Explain how the structure of the palisade mesophyll suits it to photosynthesis.
Model answer
Its cells are packed with chloroplasts and stand in a column near the top of the leaf, where they receive the most light.
- 2
Explain why the spongy mesophyll contains large air spaces.
Model answer
They let carbon dioxide diffuse quickly to the photosynthesising cells and let oxygen and water vapour diffuse out.
- 3
Name the tissue that covers the outside of a plant and state what it does.
Model answer
Epidermal tissue, which covers and protects the plant and limits the loss of water.
- 4
Where is meristem tissue found in a plant, and what can its cells do?
Model answer
At the growing tips of the shoots and roots; its cells can keep dividing and can become any type of plant cell.
- 5
Why is a leaf described as an organ?
Model answer
It is made of several different tissues that work together to carry out photosynthesis.
- 6
Name the tissues and cells that make up a leaf.
Model answer
The upper and lower epidermis, the palisade and spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem, and the guard cells around the stomata.
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