Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnology
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Infection and Response
Discovery and development of drugs
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Traditional drugs from plants and microorganisms such as digitalis, aspirin and penicillin, drugs synthesised by chemists, testing for toxicity, efficacy and dose, preclinical testing, clinical trials starting with very low doses, peer review and caution over media claims, and placebos, double blind trials, random allocation and the ethics of placebos.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Even when a drug is synthesised in a laboratory, what may its starting point be?
Key term
Why must a new medical drug be tested and trialled before it is used to treat people?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Where were drugs traditionally obtained from?
Model answer
From plants and from microorganisms.
- 2
Which plant does the heart drug digitalis originate from?
Model answer
The foxglove.
- 3
Which painkiller originates from willow?
Model answer
Aspirin.
- 4
Who discovered penicillin, and what was it discovered in?
Model answer
Alexander Fleming discovered it in mould.
- 5
Where do most new drugs come from today?
Model answer
They are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry.
- 6
Even when a drug is synthesised in a laboratory, what may its starting point be?
Model answer
A chemical extracted from a plant.
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