What pattern relating to ethnicity runs through the criminal justice statistics?

Black people are over-represented at every stage of the process relative to their share of the population, being disproportionately stopped and searched, arrested and imprisoned, while some Asian groups are over-represented for particular offences and under-represented overall.

How does ethnicity relate to victimisation?

Crime Survey figures show adults from the Mixed ethnic group are more likely to be victims than White adults, while differences for most other groups are small once age and area are allowed for; minority ethnic people are also exposed to racially and religiously aggravated offences that white victims rarely experience.

What has happened to the overall level of crime in England and Wales since the mid-1990s?

Survey-measured crime has fallen substantially over the long term from a peak in the mid-1990s, with sharp declines in burglary and vehicle theft, though the decline has flattened in recent years — even while public perception has often been that crime was rising.

How has the composition of crime changed in recent years?

Traditional acquisitive and vehicle crime has fallen while fraud and computer misuse have grown to become a very large share of all crime experienced, so the fall looks much smaller once these offences are included in the count.

Define global organised crime.

Global organised crime is criminal activity planned and carried out by groups operating across national borders, treating illegal goods and services as a business with supply chains, markets and profits.

OCR A-Level Sociology H580

Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Topic overview Culture, norms, values and cultural relativism Subculture, high culture and popular culture Global and consumer culture, cultural diversity and hybridity Primary and secondary socialisation, the family and peer group Media, religion, education and the workplace as agencies of socialisation Lifelong socialisation and the nature/nurture debate Social control, sanctions and formal agencies of control Informal agencies and theories of social control The concept of identity, ethnicity and nationality Gender, class and sexual identity Age, disability, hybrid and intersecting identities

Families and RelationshipsComponent 01

Topic overview Family types and trends in marriage, divorce and cohabitation Demographic change, family diversity and newer family types Nuclear family ideology, functionalism and the New Right Marxist, feminist and postmodern views and the diversity debate Conjugal roles and the domestic division of labour Power, the dark side of the family and theories of partner roles The child-centred family, views of childhood and its extension Parent-child power, grandparents in an ageing population and feminist views

Youth SubculturesComponent 01

Topic overview Functionalist and neo-Marxist views of youth culture Hebdige, feminist and postmodern views of youth subcultures Class, ethnic and hybrid subcultures and consensus versus conflict Delinquent, criminal, spectacular and anti-school subcultures Gangs, newer deviant subcultures and patterns in youth offending Functionalist, New Right and Marxist explanations of youth deviance Labelling, identity, gender, ethnicity and moral panics in youth deviance

MediaComponent 01

Topic overview Representations of ethnicity and nationality, symbolic annihilation and the male gaze Representations of gender, social class and young people Representations of older people and theories of media representation Direct and indirect media effects models Active audience models, deviance amplification and moral panics

Research Methods and Researching Social Inequalities

Topic overview Positivism, quantitative data and interpretivism Verstehen, qualitative data and validity Reliability, representativeness, generalisability and theory Research topics, aims, hypotheses and primary and secondary data Operationalisation, pilot studies and respondent validation Longitudinal studies, interpreting data and social policy Sampling frames, sampling techniques and choosing a sample Access, gatekeepers and research ethics Questionnaires, structured interviews, statistics, content analysis and observation Unstructured interviews, ethnography and methodological pluralism

Understanding Social Inequalities

Topic overview Stratification, class, poverty, mobility and gender inequality Ethnicity, age, work and health inequalities Functionalist and Marxist explanations of inequality Weberian, feminist and New Right explanations of inequality

Globalisation and the Digital Social World

Topic overview Globalisation, the digital revolution and media convergence Social media, social capital and theoretical views of digital communication Digital identities, the digital divide and social class Gender, age, relationships and cultural impacts of digital communication

Crime and DevianceComponent 03

Topic overview Defining crime and deviance, social control and relativity Social construction of crime and police recorded crime The Crime Survey, victim surveys and self-report studies Crime patterns by social class, gender and age Crime patterns by ethnicity, crime trends and global organised crime Glocal organised crime and green crime Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories of crime Marxist, interactionist and left realist theories of crime Right realism, New Right, feminism and explaining ethnic and age patterns Left-wing crime reduction, social crime prevention and restorative justice Situational crime prevention, zero tolerance and punitive justice

EducationComponent 03

Topic overview Functionalist, Marxist and liberal views of the role of education Social democratic, New Right and feminist views and vocational education Class and ethnic patterns in educational attainment Gender patterns, global educational inequality and intersectionality Inside-school factors: labelling, setting, triage and institutional racism Material and cultural deprivation and cultural capital Explaining gender and ethnic differences and theoretical views of achievement Types of school and education policy since 1988 Ideology, marketisation and equality of opportunity in education policy

Religion, Belief and FaithComponent 03

Topic overview Defining religion, faith and belief, churches and denominations Sects, cults, new religious and new age movements and fundamentalism Measuring religiosity and believing without belonging Functionalist and Marxist views of the role of religion Neo-Marxist, Weberian, feminist, phenomenological and postmodern views of religion Religion, social change and whether religion is positive or negative Class and gender patterns in religiosity Women's changing religiosity and ethnic and age patterns Age cohorts, global religious trends and resurgence Defining secularisation and evidence of religious decline Pro- and anti-secularisation theories Religion and social policy, the golden age critique and global patterns

Crime and Deviance

Crime patterns by ethnicity, crime trends and global organised crime

2 things to know
Component 03

Overview

Recall questions on ethnicity in criminal justice statistics, stop and search and victimisation, the long-term fall and changing composition of crime in England and Wales, global organised crime, Castells's global criminal economy, and why globalisation has made transnational organised crime easier.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What does the evidence on stop and search show?

Key term

Why has globalisation made transnational organised crime easier to carry on?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What pattern relating to ethnicity runs through the criminal justice statistics?
Model answer
Black people are over-represented at every stage of the process relative to their share of the population, being disproportionately stopped and searched, arrested and imprisoned, while some Asian groups are over-represented for particular offences and under-represented overall.
2
What does the evidence on stop and search show?
Model answer
Black people are stopped and searched at several times the rate of white people, and the disproportionality is greatest for searches carried out under powers that do not require reasonable suspicion.
3
How does ethnicity relate to victimisation?
Model answer
Crime Survey figures show adults from the Mixed ethnic group are more likely to be victims than White adults, while differences for most other groups are small once age and area are allowed for; minority ethnic people are also exposed to racially and religiously aggravated offences that white victims rarely experience.
4
What has happened to the overall level of crime in England and Wales since the mid-1990s?
Model answer
Survey-measured crime has fallen substantially over the long term from a peak in the mid-1990s, with sharp declines in burglary and vehicle theft, though the decline has flattened in recent years — even while public perception has often been that crime was rising.
5
How has the composition of crime changed in recent years?
Model answer
Traditional acquisitive and vehicle crime has fallen while fraud and computer misuse have grown to become a very large share of all crime experienced, so the fall looks much smaller once these offences are included in the count.
6
Define global organised crime.
Model answer
Global organised crime is criminal activity planned and carried out by groups operating across national borders, treating illegal goods and services as a business with supply chains, markets and profits.

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Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Families and Relationships

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AVictims may fear reprisal, or feel shame or economic dependence.

BAbuse in the home has historically been treated as a private matter.

CMany incidents are never reported or recorded.

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