Define situational crime prevention.

Situational crime prevention aims to reduce the opportunities for crime by altering the immediate physical and social settings in which it occurs, rather than by changing offenders or the wider society.

What is target hardening, and what are its typical forms?

Target hardening means making a potential target physically more difficult or risky to attack, using measures such as door and window locks, shutters, vehicle immobilisers, security tagging on goods and surveillance cameras.

On what view of the offender does situational crime prevention rest?

It rests on rational choice: because offenders are assumed to weigh effort, risk and reward before acting, increasing the effort and risk and reducing the reward is expected to deter them at the point of decision.

What is displacement, and what forms can it take?

Displacement is the diversion rather than the prevention of crime when opportunities are blocked, and it can be spatial by moving to another area, temporal by offending at another time, target displacement to a different victim, tactical displacement using a different method, or functional displacement to a different type of offence.

Give two further criticisms of situational crime prevention.

It ignores the root causes of offending and so offers no long-term solution, and it concentrates on opportunistic street and property crime while doing nothing about domestic violence, corporate crime or state crime.

What is the broken windows thesis?

Wilson and Kelling argued that visible signs of disorder such as broken windows, graffiti and begging signal that nobody cares about an area, so respectable residents withdraw, informal control collapses and more serious crime moves in.

OCR A-Level Sociology H580

Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Topic overview Culture, norms, values and cultural relativism Subculture, high culture and popular culture Global and consumer culture, cultural diversity and hybridity Primary and secondary socialisation, the family and peer group Media, religion, education and the workplace as agencies of socialisation Lifelong socialisation and the nature/nurture debate Social control, sanctions and formal agencies of control Informal agencies and theories of social control The concept of identity, ethnicity and nationality Gender, class and sexual identity Age, disability, hybrid and intersecting identities

Families and RelationshipsComponent 01

Topic overview Family types and trends in marriage, divorce and cohabitation Demographic change, family diversity and newer family types Nuclear family ideology, functionalism and the New Right Marxist, feminist and postmodern views and the diversity debate Conjugal roles and the domestic division of labour Power, the dark side of the family and theories of partner roles The child-centred family, views of childhood and its extension Parent-child power, grandparents in an ageing population and feminist views

Youth SubculturesComponent 01

Topic overview Functionalist and neo-Marxist views of youth culture Hebdige, feminist and postmodern views of youth subcultures Class, ethnic and hybrid subcultures and consensus versus conflict Delinquent, criminal, spectacular and anti-school subcultures Gangs, newer deviant subcultures and patterns in youth offending Functionalist, New Right and Marxist explanations of youth deviance Labelling, identity, gender, ethnicity and moral panics in youth deviance

MediaComponent 01

Topic overview Representations of ethnicity and nationality, symbolic annihilation and the male gaze Representations of gender, social class and young people Representations of older people and theories of media representation Direct and indirect media effects models Active audience models, deviance amplification and moral panics

Research Methods and Researching Social Inequalities

Topic overview Positivism, quantitative data and interpretivism Verstehen, qualitative data and validity Reliability, representativeness, generalisability and theory Research topics, aims, hypotheses and primary and secondary data Operationalisation, pilot studies and respondent validation Longitudinal studies, interpreting data and social policy Sampling frames, sampling techniques and choosing a sample Access, gatekeepers and research ethics Questionnaires, structured interviews, statistics, content analysis and observation Unstructured interviews, ethnography and methodological pluralism

Understanding Social Inequalities

Topic overview Stratification, class, poverty, mobility and gender inequality Ethnicity, age, work and health inequalities Functionalist and Marxist explanations of inequality Weberian, feminist and New Right explanations of inequality

Globalisation and the Digital Social World

Topic overview Globalisation, the digital revolution and media convergence Social media, social capital and theoretical views of digital communication Digital identities, the digital divide and social class Gender, age, relationships and cultural impacts of digital communication

Crime and DevianceComponent 03

Topic overview Defining crime and deviance, social control and relativity Social construction of crime and police recorded crime The Crime Survey, victim surveys and self-report studies Crime patterns by social class, gender and age Crime patterns by ethnicity, crime trends and global organised crime Glocal organised crime and green crime Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories of crime Marxist, interactionist and left realist theories of crime Right realism, New Right, feminism and explaining ethnic and age patterns Left-wing crime reduction, social crime prevention and restorative justice Situational crime prevention, zero tolerance and punitive justice

EducationComponent 03

Topic overview Functionalist, Marxist and liberal views of the role of education Social democratic, New Right and feminist views and vocational education Class and ethnic patterns in educational attainment Gender patterns, global educational inequality and intersectionality Inside-school factors: labelling, setting, triage and institutional racism Material and cultural deprivation and cultural capital Explaining gender and ethnic differences and theoretical views of achievement Types of school and education policy since 1988 Ideology, marketisation and equality of opportunity in education policy

Religion, Belief and FaithComponent 03

Topic overview Defining religion, faith and belief, churches and denominations Sects, cults, new religious and new age movements and fundamentalism Measuring religiosity and believing without belonging Functionalist and Marxist views of the role of religion Neo-Marxist, Weberian, feminist, phenomenological and postmodern views of religion Religion, social change and whether religion is positive or negative Class and gender patterns in religiosity Women's changing religiosity and ethnic and age patterns Age cohorts, global religious trends and resurgence Defining secularisation and evidence of religious decline Pro- and anti-secularisation theories Religion and social policy, the golden age critique and global patterns

Crime and Deviance

Situational crime prevention, zero tolerance and punitive justice

3 things to know
Component 03

Overview

Recall questions on situational crime prevention, target hardening, rational choice and displacement, Wilson and Kelling's broken windows thesis, zero tolerance policing and the disputed New York evidence, environmental crime prevention, retributive justice, punitive punishment, deterrence and incapacitation, and Foucault's disciplinary power.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Why is the New York experience treated as disputed evidence for zero tolerance policing?

Key term

Distinguish between general and individual deterrence, and explain what incapacitation adds.

Key term

How does Foucault's account of disciplinary power help explain modern crime control?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Define situational crime prevention.
Model answer
Situational crime prevention aims to reduce the opportunities for crime by altering the immediate physical and social settings in which it occurs, rather than by changing offenders or the wider society.
2
What is target hardening, and what are its typical forms?
Model answer
Target hardening means making a potential target physically more difficult or risky to attack, using measures such as door and window locks, shutters, vehicle immobilisers, security tagging on goods and surveillance cameras.
3
On what view of the offender does situational crime prevention rest?
Model answer
It rests on rational choice: because offenders are assumed to weigh effort, risk and reward before acting, increasing the effort and risk and reducing the reward is expected to deter them at the point of decision.
4
What is displacement, and what forms can it take?
Model answer
Displacement is the diversion rather than the prevention of crime when opportunities are blocked, and it can be spatial by moving to another area, temporal by offending at another time, target displacement to a different victim, tactical displacement using a different method, or functional displacement to a different type of offence.
5
Give two further criticisms of situational crime prevention.
Model answer
It ignores the root causes of offending and so offers no long-term solution, and it concentrates on opportunistic street and property crime while doing nothing about domestic violence, corporate crime or state crime.
6
What is the broken windows thesis?
Model answer
Wilson and Kelling argued that visible signs of disorder such as broken windows, graffiti and begging signal that nobody cares about an area, so respectable residents withdraw, informal control collapses and more serious crime moves in.

See the rest and revise

Other ways to work this

The same content, four other ways.

What is inside Levo

Six ways to work the same material.

1Closed book

2Open book

3Closed book

The 3-step method, run for you

Answer cold, learn it, then prove it stuck. Levo tracks the jump between your first attempt and your last.

Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Families and Relationships

Youth Subcultures

Media

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Sort every topic into what you know and what you do not, then drill only the weak ones.

Murdock identified sexual, , economic and educational functions.

reproductiveemotionalpolitical

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Rapid timed gap-fills on the terms and numbers you need to recall without thinking.

AVictims may fear reprisal, or feel shame or economic dependence.

BAbuse in the home has historically been treated as a private matter.

CMany incidents are never reported or recorded.

Build It gets the exam shape right

Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

Sex refers to the biological category of male or female.

TrueFalse

Test It catches misconceptions

Spot the fault in a statement. The traps are the mistakes students actually make.

721941163128510

Brain Breaks between sessions

Short focus games to reset attention, so the next set lands better than the last.

Every question in Crime and Deviance, on a schedule.

Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.

Start revising, £5 a month See how the method works

Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.