Key term
OCR A-Level Sociology H580
Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity
Topic overviewCulture, norms, values and cultural relativismSubculture, high culture and popular cultureGlobal and consumer culture, cultural diversity and hybridityPrimary and secondary socialisation, the family and peer groupMedia, religion, education and the workplace as agencies of socialisationLifelong socialisation and the nature/nurture debateSocial control, sanctions and formal agencies of controlInformal agencies and theories of social controlThe concept of identity, ethnicity and nationalityGender, class and sexual identityAge, disability, hybrid and intersecting identities
Families and RelationshipsComponent 01
Topic overviewFamily types and trends in marriage, divorce and cohabitationDemographic change, family diversity and newer family typesNuclear family ideology, functionalism and the New RightMarxist, feminist and postmodern views and the diversity debateConjugal roles and the domestic division of labourPower, the dark side of the family and theories of partner rolesThe child-centred family, views of childhood and its extensionParent-child power, grandparents in an ageing population and feminist views
Youth SubculturesComponent 01
Topic overviewFunctionalist and neo-Marxist views of youth cultureHebdige, feminist and postmodern views of youth subculturesClass, ethnic and hybrid subcultures and consensus versus conflictDelinquent, criminal, spectacular and anti-school subculturesGangs, newer deviant subcultures and patterns in youth offendingFunctionalist, New Right and Marxist explanations of youth devianceLabelling, identity, gender, ethnicity and moral panics in youth deviance
MediaComponent 01
Topic overviewRepresentations of ethnicity and nationality, symbolic annihilation and the male gazeRepresentations of gender, social class and young peopleRepresentations of older people and theories of media representationDirect and indirect media effects modelsActive audience models, deviance amplification and moral panics
Research Methods and Researching Social Inequalities
Topic overviewPositivism, quantitative data and interpretivismVerstehen, qualitative data and validityReliability, representativeness, generalisability and theoryResearch topics, aims, hypotheses and primary and secondary dataOperationalisation, pilot studies and respondent validationLongitudinal studies, interpreting data and social policySampling frames, sampling techniques and choosing a sampleAccess, gatekeepers and research ethicsQuestionnaires, structured interviews, statistics, content analysis and observationUnstructured interviews, ethnography and methodological pluralism
Understanding Social Inequalities
Globalisation and the Digital Social World
Crime and DevianceComponent 03
Topic overviewDefining crime and deviance, social control and relativitySocial construction of crime and police recorded crimeThe Crime Survey, victim surveys and self-report studiesCrime patterns by social class, gender and ageCrime patterns by ethnicity, crime trends and global organised crimeGlocal organised crime and green crimeFunctionalist, strain and subcultural theories of crimeMarxist, interactionist and left realist theories of crimeRight realism, New Right, feminism and explaining ethnic and age patternsLeft-wing crime reduction, social crime prevention and restorative justiceSituational crime prevention, zero tolerance and punitive justice
EducationComponent 03
Topic overviewFunctionalist, Marxist and liberal views of the role of educationSocial democratic, New Right and feminist views and vocational educationClass and ethnic patterns in educational attainmentGender patterns, global educational inequality and intersectionalityInside-school factors: labelling, setting, triage and institutional racismMaterial and cultural deprivation and cultural capitalExplaining gender and ethnic differences and theoretical views of achievementTypes of school and education policy since 1988Ideology, marketisation and equality of opportunity in education policy
Religion, Belief and FaithComponent 03
Topic overviewDefining religion, faith and belief, churches and denominationsSects, cults, new religious and new age movements and fundamentalismMeasuring religiosity and believing without belongingFunctionalist and Marxist views of the role of religionNeo-Marxist, Weberian, feminist, phenomenological and postmodern views of religionReligion, social change and whether religion is positive or negativeClass and gender patterns in religiosityWomen's changing religiosity and ethnic and age patternsAge cohorts, global religious trends and resurgenceDefining secularisation and evidence of religious declinePro- and anti-secularisation theoriesReligion and social policy, the golden age critique and global patterns
Media
Active audience models, deviance amplification and moral panics
- 3 things to know
- Component 01
Overview
Recall questions on the active audience, Blumler and McQuail's uses and gratifications model, Klapper's selective filtering, deviance amplification, Cohen's moral panics and folk devils in his study of the Mods and Rockers, moral panics as self-fulfilling prophecies, Hall on the mugging panic, and McRobbie and Thornton's critique.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Who and when
What does the uses and gratifications model argue?
Key term
What is selective filtering?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is an active audience?
Model answer
An active audience is one that selects, interprets and puts media content to its own uses, rather than passively absorbing whatever it is given.
- 2
What does the uses and gratifications model argue?
Model answer
Blumler and McQuail argued that audiences consciously choose media to satisfy their own needs, so the real question is what people do with the media rather than what the media do to people.
- 3
Name the four uses and gratifications that audiences seek from the media.
Model answer
Diversion or escape from routine, personal relationships in the form of companionship and conversation, personal identity through comparing one's own life with what is shown, and surveillance or information about the world.
- 4
A student watches a soap opera mainly so she has something to discuss with friends at college. Which gratification is she seeking?
Model answer
She is seeking personal relationships, since the programme supplies both a sense of companionship and shared material for conversation.
- 5
What is selective filtering?
Model answer
Klapper's idea that audiences absorb only what fits their existing outlook, through selective exposure to some content, selective perception of its meaning and selective retention of what suits them.
- 6
Give one criticism of the uses and gratifications model.
Model answer
It exaggerates audience freedom, because the range of content people can choose from is set by media producers, and Marxists add that the needs being satisfied are themselves created by the media.
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