What does Diana Gittins mean by age patriarchy?

Gittins argues that adult domination is a form of patriarchy in its own right, in which adults exercise power over children through control of their time, bodies, space and money, and which women and children may both experience.

How do Hockey and James say children resist adult control?

They found children use strategies of 'acting up', such as swearing, drinking or trying to look older, and sometimes 'acting down' by behaving younger than their age, in order to escape or exploit their subordinate status.

How has the balance of power between parents and children changed?

Authority has shifted from unquestioned parental command towards negotiation, with children's views consulted on family decisions and children's rights recognised in law, though parents still control resources and set limits.

How has the ageing population changed the role of grandparents?

Grandparents now live longer and are more likely to be active in their grandchildren's lives, frequently providing regular unpaid childcare that allows parents, especially mothers, to work.

How does the beanpole family shape intergenerational relationships?

With more generations alive but fewer people in each, ties between grandparents, parents and children become closer and more important, while horizontal ties with aunts, uncles and cousins thin out.

OCR A-Level Sociology H580

Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Topic overview Culture, norms, values and cultural relativism Subculture, high culture and popular culture Global and consumer culture, cultural diversity and hybridity Primary and secondary socialisation, the family and peer group Media, religion, education and the workplace as agencies of socialisation Lifelong socialisation and the nature/nurture debate Social control, sanctions and formal agencies of control Informal agencies and theories of social control The concept of identity, ethnicity and nationality Gender, class and sexual identity Age, disability, hybrid and intersecting identities

Families and RelationshipsComponent 01

Topic overview Family types and trends in marriage, divorce and cohabitation Demographic change, family diversity and newer family types Nuclear family ideology, functionalism and the New Right Marxist, feminist and postmodern views and the diversity debate Conjugal roles and the domestic division of labour Power, the dark side of the family and theories of partner roles The child-centred family, views of childhood and its extension Parent-child power, grandparents in an ageing population and feminist views

Youth SubculturesComponent 01

Topic overview Functionalist and neo-Marxist views of youth culture Hebdige, feminist and postmodern views of youth subcultures Class, ethnic and hybrid subcultures and consensus versus conflict Delinquent, criminal, spectacular and anti-school subcultures Gangs, newer deviant subcultures and patterns in youth offending Functionalist, New Right and Marxist explanations of youth deviance Labelling, identity, gender, ethnicity and moral panics in youth deviance

MediaComponent 01

Topic overview Representations of ethnicity and nationality, symbolic annihilation and the male gaze Representations of gender, social class and young people Representations of older people and theories of media representation Direct and indirect media effects models Active audience models, deviance amplification and moral panics

Research Methods and Researching Social Inequalities

Topic overview Positivism, quantitative data and interpretivism Verstehen, qualitative data and validity Reliability, representativeness, generalisability and theory Research topics, aims, hypotheses and primary and secondary data Operationalisation, pilot studies and respondent validation Longitudinal studies, interpreting data and social policy Sampling frames, sampling techniques and choosing a sample Access, gatekeepers and research ethics Questionnaires, structured interviews, statistics, content analysis and observation Unstructured interviews, ethnography and methodological pluralism

Understanding Social Inequalities

Topic overview Stratification, class, poverty, mobility and gender inequality Ethnicity, age, work and health inequalities Functionalist and Marxist explanations of inequality Weberian, feminist and New Right explanations of inequality

Globalisation and the Digital Social World

Topic overview Globalisation, the digital revolution and media convergence Social media, social capital and theoretical views of digital communication Digital identities, the digital divide and social class Gender, age, relationships and cultural impacts of digital communication

Crime and DevianceComponent 03

Topic overview Defining crime and deviance, social control and relativity Social construction of crime and police recorded crime The Crime Survey, victim surveys and self-report studies Crime patterns by social class, gender and age Crime patterns by ethnicity, crime trends and global organised crime Glocal organised crime and green crime Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories of crime Marxist, interactionist and left realist theories of crime Right realism, New Right, feminism and explaining ethnic and age patterns Left-wing crime reduction, social crime prevention and restorative justice Situational crime prevention, zero tolerance and punitive justice

EducationComponent 03

Topic overview Functionalist, Marxist and liberal views of the role of education Social democratic, New Right and feminist views and vocational education Class and ethnic patterns in educational attainment Gender patterns, global educational inequality and intersectionality Inside-school factors: labelling, setting, triage and institutional racism Material and cultural deprivation and cultural capital Explaining gender and ethnic differences and theoretical views of achievement Types of school and education policy since 1988 Ideology, marketisation and equality of opportunity in education policy

Religion, Belief and FaithComponent 03

Topic overview Defining religion, faith and belief, churches and denominations Sects, cults, new religious and new age movements and fundamentalism Measuring religiosity and believing without belonging Functionalist and Marxist views of the role of religion Neo-Marxist, Weberian, feminist, phenomenological and postmodern views of religion Religion, social change and whether religion is positive or negative Class and gender patterns in religiosity Women's changing religiosity and ethnic and age patterns Age cohorts, global religious trends and resurgence Defining secularisation and evidence of religious decline Pro- and anti-secularisation theories Religion and social policy, the golden age critique and global patterns

Families and Relationships

Parent-child power, grandparents in an ageing population and feminist views

3 things to know
Component 01

Overview

Recall questions on power between parents and children, including Gittins's age patriarchy and Hockey and James on resisting adult control, how the ageing population changes grandparents' roles, beanpole families and the sandwich generation, and feminist views of caring, grandparenting, parenting, Oakley's gender socialisation and family policy.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Give one reason for doubting that children now have real power in the family.

Key term

How do feminists explain the division of parenting between mothers and fathers?

Who and when

What did Oakley identify as the ways parents socialise children into gender roles?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What does Diana Gittins mean by age patriarchy?
Model answer
Gittins argues that adult domination is a form of patriarchy in its own right, in which adults exercise power over children through control of their time, bodies, space and money, and which women and children may both experience.
2
How do Hockey and James say children resist adult control?
Model answer
They found children use strategies of 'acting up', such as swearing, drinking or trying to look older, and sometimes 'acting down' by behaving younger than their age, in order to escape or exploit their subordinate status.
3
How has the balance of power between parents and children changed?
Model answer
Authority has shifted from unquestioned parental command towards negotiation, with children's views consulted on family decisions and children's rights recognised in law, though parents still control resources and set limits.
4
Give one reason for doubting that children now have real power in the family.
Model answer
Adults still control children's money, time, movement and bodies, and consultation can be superficial, so critics argue negotiation disguises rather than removes adult authority.
5
How has the ageing population changed the role of grandparents?
Model answer
Grandparents now live longer and are more likely to be active in their grandchildren's lives, frequently providing regular unpaid childcare that allows parents, especially mothers, to work.
6
How does the beanpole family shape intergenerational relationships?
Model answer
With more generations alive but fewer people in each, ties between grandparents, parents and children become closer and more important, while horizontal ties with aunts, uncles and cousins thin out.

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Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

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AVictims may fear reprisal, or feel shame or economic dependence.

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