Distinguish between segregated and joint conjugal roles, and who drew the distinction.

Elizabeth Bott distinguished segregated roles, where partners have separate tasks and separate leisure, from joint roles, where they share tasks and spend leisure time together.

What is the domestic division of labour?

It is the way household tasks, childcare and emotional work are shared out between partners.

What did Young and Willmott mean by the symmetrical family?

They argued the modern family had reached a stage in which the roles of husband and wife, while not identical, had become more similar: both did paid work, both shared housework and childcare, and leisure was spent together in the home.

Explain Young and Willmott's principle of stratified diffusion.

They argued that changes such as symmetry begin in the higher social classes and gradually spread downwards through the class structure over time.

OCR A-Level Sociology H580

Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Topic overview Culture, norms, values and cultural relativism Subculture, high culture and popular culture Global and consumer culture, cultural diversity and hybridity Primary and secondary socialisation, the family and peer group Media, religion, education and the workplace as agencies of socialisation Lifelong socialisation and the nature/nurture debate Social control, sanctions and formal agencies of control Informal agencies and theories of social control The concept of identity, ethnicity and nationality Gender, class and sexual identity Age, disability, hybrid and intersecting identities

Families and RelationshipsComponent 01

Topic overview Family types and trends in marriage, divorce and cohabitation Demographic change, family diversity and newer family types Nuclear family ideology, functionalism and the New Right Marxist, feminist and postmodern views and the diversity debate Conjugal roles and the domestic division of labour Power, the dark side of the family and theories of partner roles The child-centred family, views of childhood and its extension Parent-child power, grandparents in an ageing population and feminist views

Youth SubculturesComponent 01

Topic overview Functionalist and neo-Marxist views of youth culture Hebdige, feminist and postmodern views of youth subcultures Class, ethnic and hybrid subcultures and consensus versus conflict Delinquent, criminal, spectacular and anti-school subcultures Gangs, newer deviant subcultures and patterns in youth offending Functionalist, New Right and Marxist explanations of youth deviance Labelling, identity, gender, ethnicity and moral panics in youth deviance

MediaComponent 01

Topic overview Representations of ethnicity and nationality, symbolic annihilation and the male gaze Representations of gender, social class and young people Representations of older people and theories of media representation Direct and indirect media effects models Active audience models, deviance amplification and moral panics

Research Methods and Researching Social Inequalities

Topic overview Positivism, quantitative data and interpretivism Verstehen, qualitative data and validity Reliability, representativeness, generalisability and theory Research topics, aims, hypotheses and primary and secondary data Operationalisation, pilot studies and respondent validation Longitudinal studies, interpreting data and social policy Sampling frames, sampling techniques and choosing a sample Access, gatekeepers and research ethics Questionnaires, structured interviews, statistics, content analysis and observation Unstructured interviews, ethnography and methodological pluralism

Understanding Social Inequalities

Topic overview Stratification, class, poverty, mobility and gender inequality Ethnicity, age, work and health inequalities Functionalist and Marxist explanations of inequality Weberian, feminist and New Right explanations of inequality

Globalisation and the Digital Social World

Topic overview Globalisation, the digital revolution and media convergence Social media, social capital and theoretical views of digital communication Digital identities, the digital divide and social class Gender, age, relationships and cultural impacts of digital communication

Crime and DevianceComponent 03

Topic overview Defining crime and deviance, social control and relativity Social construction of crime and police recorded crime The Crime Survey, victim surveys and self-report studies Crime patterns by social class, gender and age Crime patterns by ethnicity, crime trends and global organised crime Glocal organised crime and green crime Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories of crime Marxist, interactionist and left realist theories of crime Right realism, New Right, feminism and explaining ethnic and age patterns Left-wing crime reduction, social crime prevention and restorative justice Situational crime prevention, zero tolerance and punitive justice

EducationComponent 03

Topic overview Functionalist, Marxist and liberal views of the role of education Social democratic, New Right and feminist views and vocational education Class and ethnic patterns in educational attainment Gender patterns, global educational inequality and intersectionality Inside-school factors: labelling, setting, triage and institutional racism Material and cultural deprivation and cultural capital Explaining gender and ethnic differences and theoretical views of achievement Types of school and education policy since 1988 Ideology, marketisation and equality of opportunity in education policy

Religion, Belief and FaithComponent 03

Topic overview Defining religion, faith and belief, churches and denominations Sects, cults, new religious and new age movements and fundamentalism Measuring religiosity and believing without belonging Functionalist and Marxist views of the role of religion Neo-Marxist, Weberian, feminist, phenomenological and postmodern views of religion Religion, social change and whether religion is positive or negative Class and gender patterns in religiosity Women's changing religiosity and ethnic and age patterns Age cohorts, global religious trends and resurgence Defining secularisation and evidence of religious decline Pro- and anti-secularisation theories Religion and social policy, the golden age critique and global patterns

Families and Relationships

Conjugal roles and the domestic division of labour

3 things to know
Component 01

Overview

Recall questions on conjugal roles and Bott's segregated and joint roles, Parsons's instrumental and expressive roles, the domestic division of labour, Young and Willmott's symmetrical family and stratified diffusion, Oakley's challenge, the dual burden and triple shift, Gershuny's lagged adaptation, material and cultural explanations, and the commercialisation of housework.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Evaluation

What is Jonathan Gershuny's 'lagged adaptation' argument?

Key term

Define the term conjugal roles.

Who and when

What did Parsons mean by instrumental and expressive roles?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Define the term conjugal roles.
Model answer
Conjugal roles are the domestic roles and responsibilities taken on by the partners in a couple.
2
Distinguish between segregated and joint conjugal roles, and who drew the distinction.
Model answer
Elizabeth Bott distinguished segregated roles, where partners have separate tasks and separate leisure, from joint roles, where they share tasks and spend leisure time together.
3
What did Parsons mean by instrumental and expressive roles?
Model answer
Parsons argued the husband takes the instrumental role of breadwinner providing for the family, while the wife takes the expressive role of caring for the family's emotional needs and socialising the children.
4
What is the domestic division of labour?
Model answer
It is the way household tasks, childcare and emotional work are shared out between partners.
5
What did Young and Willmott mean by the symmetrical family?
Model answer
They argued the modern family had reached a stage in which the roles of husband and wife, while not identical, had become more similar: both did paid work, both shared housework and childcare, and leisure was spent together in the home.
6
Explain Young and Willmott's principle of stratified diffusion.
Model answer
They argued that changes such as symmetry begin in the higher social classes and gradually spread downwards through the class structure over time.

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Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Families and Relationships

Youth Subcultures

Media

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reproductiveemotionalpolitical

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AVictims may fear reprisal, or feel shame or economic dependence.

BAbuse in the home has historically been treated as a private matter.

CMany incidents are never reported or recorded.

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Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

Sex refers to the biological category of male or female.

TrueFalse

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