What did Hobbs and Dunnighan mean by describing crime as 'glocal'?

They argued that organised crime is rooted in local contexts and personal networks but is linked into global opportunities, so loose, flexible networks of individuals have replaced the older rigid criminal hierarchies.

What point does Glenny's account of 'McMafia' make about the origins of the new criminal organisations?

He argued that the collapse of communism and the sudden deregulation of markets in Russia and Eastern Europe allowed a new class of oligarchs and criminal protection groups to emerge and then to plug into global markets.

Green crime is crime against the environment, understood by green criminologists as any action that causes serious environmental harm, whether or not the law of the country in which it occurred defines it as an offence.

What are secondary green crimes?

Secondary green crimes grow out of the flouting of rules meant to prevent or regulate environmental damage, such as the illegal dumping of hazardous waste by organised crime groups and state violence used against environmental protesters.

Where do traditional criminology and green criminology disagree?

Traditional criminology studies only what the law of a given state defines as an offence, which gives it a clear subject matter but means it accepts laws shaped by powerful interests; green criminology starts from environmental harm rather than law, which captures the damage done by the powerful but relies on contested moral judgements about what counts as harm.

OCR A-Level Sociology H580

Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Topic overview Culture, norms, values and cultural relativism Subculture, high culture and popular culture Global and consumer culture, cultural diversity and hybridity Primary and secondary socialisation, the family and peer group Media, religion, education and the workplace as agencies of socialisation Lifelong socialisation and the nature/nurture debate Social control, sanctions and formal agencies of control Informal agencies and theories of social control The concept of identity, ethnicity and nationality Gender, class and sexual identity Age, disability, hybrid and intersecting identities

Families and RelationshipsComponent 01

Topic overview Family types and trends in marriage, divorce and cohabitation Demographic change, family diversity and newer family types Nuclear family ideology, functionalism and the New Right Marxist, feminist and postmodern views and the diversity debate Conjugal roles and the domestic division of labour Power, the dark side of the family and theories of partner roles The child-centred family, views of childhood and its extension Parent-child power, grandparents in an ageing population and feminist views

Youth SubculturesComponent 01

Topic overview Functionalist and neo-Marxist views of youth culture Hebdige, feminist and postmodern views of youth subcultures Class, ethnic and hybrid subcultures and consensus versus conflict Delinquent, criminal, spectacular and anti-school subcultures Gangs, newer deviant subcultures and patterns in youth offending Functionalist, New Right and Marxist explanations of youth deviance Labelling, identity, gender, ethnicity and moral panics in youth deviance

MediaComponent 01

Topic overview Representations of ethnicity and nationality, symbolic annihilation and the male gaze Representations of gender, social class and young people Representations of older people and theories of media representation Direct and indirect media effects models Active audience models, deviance amplification and moral panics

Research Methods and Researching Social Inequalities

Topic overview Positivism, quantitative data and interpretivism Verstehen, qualitative data and validity Reliability, representativeness, generalisability and theory Research topics, aims, hypotheses and primary and secondary data Operationalisation, pilot studies and respondent validation Longitudinal studies, interpreting data and social policy Sampling frames, sampling techniques and choosing a sample Access, gatekeepers and research ethics Questionnaires, structured interviews, statistics, content analysis and observation Unstructured interviews, ethnography and methodological pluralism

Understanding Social Inequalities

Topic overview Stratification, class, poverty, mobility and gender inequality Ethnicity, age, work and health inequalities Functionalist and Marxist explanations of inequality Weberian, feminist and New Right explanations of inequality

Globalisation and the Digital Social World

Topic overview Globalisation, the digital revolution and media convergence Social media, social capital and theoretical views of digital communication Digital identities, the digital divide and social class Gender, age, relationships and cultural impacts of digital communication

Crime and DevianceComponent 03

Topic overview Defining crime and deviance, social control and relativity Social construction of crime and police recorded crime The Crime Survey, victim surveys and self-report studies Crime patterns by social class, gender and age Crime patterns by ethnicity, crime trends and global organised crime Glocal organised crime and green crime Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories of crime Marxist, interactionist and left realist theories of crime Right realism, New Right, feminism and explaining ethnic and age patterns Left-wing crime reduction, social crime prevention and restorative justice Situational crime prevention, zero tolerance and punitive justice

EducationComponent 03

Topic overview Functionalist, Marxist and liberal views of the role of education Social democratic, New Right and feminist views and vocational education Class and ethnic patterns in educational attainment Gender patterns, global educational inequality and intersectionality Inside-school factors: labelling, setting, triage and institutional racism Material and cultural deprivation and cultural capital Explaining gender and ethnic differences and theoretical views of achievement Types of school and education policy since 1988 Ideology, marketisation and equality of opportunity in education policy

Religion, Belief and FaithComponent 03

Topic overview Defining religion, faith and belief, churches and denominations Sects, cults, new religious and new age movements and fundamentalism Measuring religiosity and believing without belonging Functionalist and Marxist views of the role of religion Neo-Marxist, Weberian, feminist, phenomenological and postmodern views of religion Religion, social change and whether religion is positive or negative Class and gender patterns in religiosity Women's changing religiosity and ethnic and age patterns Age cohorts, global religious trends and resurgence Defining secularisation and evidence of religious decline Pro- and anti-secularisation theories Religion and social policy, the golden age critique and global patterns

Crime and Deviance

Glocal organised crime and green crime

3 things to know
Component 03

Overview

Recall questions on Hobbs and Dunnighan's glocal organised crime and Glenny's McMafia, green crime, South's primary and secondary green crimes, where traditional and green criminology disagree, anthropocentric and ecocentric views of environmental harm, and Beck's risk society.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Define green crime.

Key term

Name the four types of primary green crime identified by South.

Key term

What is the difference between an anthropocentric and an ecocentric view of environmental harm?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What did Hobbs and Dunnighan mean by describing crime as 'glocal'?
Model answer
They argued that organised crime is rooted in local contexts and personal networks but is linked into global opportunities, so loose, flexible networks of individuals have replaced the older rigid criminal hierarchies.
2
What point does Glenny's account of 'McMafia' make about the origins of the new criminal organisations?
Model answer
He argued that the collapse of communism and the sudden deregulation of markets in Russia and Eastern Europe allowed a new class of oligarchs and criminal protection groups to emerge and then to plug into global markets.
3
Define green crime.
Model answer
Green crime is crime against the environment, understood by green criminologists as any action that causes serious environmental harm, whether or not the law of the country in which it occurred defines it as an offence.
4
Name the four types of primary green crime identified by South.
Model answer
South identified crimes of air pollution, crimes of deforestation, crimes of species decline and animal abuse, and crimes of water pollution.
5
What are secondary green crimes?
Model answer
Secondary green crimes grow out of the flouting of rules meant to prevent or regulate environmental damage, such as the illegal dumping of hazardous waste by organised crime groups and state violence used against environmental protesters.
6
Where do traditional criminology and green criminology disagree?
Model answer
Traditional criminology studies only what the law of a given state defines as an offence, which gives it a clear subject matter but means it accepts laws shaped by powerful interests; green criminology starts from environmental harm rather than law, which captures the damage done by the powerful but relies on contested moral judgements about what counts as harm.

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Introducing Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Families and Relationships

Youth Subcultures

Media

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Murdock identified sexual, , economic and educational functions.

reproductiveemotionalpolitical

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AVictims may fear reprisal, or feel shame or economic dependence.

BAbuse in the home has historically been treated as a private matter.

CMany incidents are never reported or recorded.

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Sex refers to the biological category of male or female.

TrueFalse

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