What do the diaphragm, intercostals and rib cage do when you breathe out at rest?

The diaphragm relaxes and rises back into a dome shape. The intercostals relax, so the rib cage moves down and in.

How does breathing out at rest force air out of the lungs?

The chest cavity becomes smaller, so the air pressure in the lungs rises. Air moves out to the lower pressure outside the body.

Which extra muscles help a performer breathe in more deeply during exercise?

The pectorals and the sternocleidomastoid help lift the rib cage further. The lungs can then expand more and take in more air.

How do the abdominal muscles help a performer breathe out during exercise?

The abdominal muscles contract to pull the rib cage down more quickly. Air is forced out of the lungs faster.

AQA GCSE Physical Education 8582

Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Topic overview Bones and the functions of the skeleton Joints, joint actions, ligaments and tendons Muscles and antagonistic pairs The pathway of air and gaseous exchange Blood vessels The heart, the cardiac cycle and cardiac output Mechanics of breathing and spirometer traces Aerobic and anaerobic exercise Recovery from exercise and EPOC Short- and long-term effects of exercise

Movement Analysis

Topic overview Lever systems and mechanical advantage Joint movements in sporting actions Planes and axes of movement

Physical Training

Topic overview Health, fitness and exercise Components of fitness Fitness tests and their data Principles of training Types of training Training intensities and one rep max Injury prevention, altitude training and training seasons Warm up and cool down

Use of Data

Topic overview Collecting and presenting data Analysing and evaluating data

Sports Psychology

Topic overview Classification of skills Goal setting and SMART targets Information processing Types of guidance Types of feedback Arousal, the inverted-U theory and stress management Aggression, personality and motivation

Socio-Cultural Influences

Topic overview Engagement patterns and participation in sport Commercialisation, sponsorship and the media Impacts of sponsorship, the media and technology Etiquette, sportsmanship and gamesmanship Performance-enhancing drugs and blood doping Spectator behaviour and hooliganism

Health, Fitness and Wellbeing

Topic overview Physical, emotional and social health and wellbeing Sedentary lifestyles and obesity Somatotypes Energy use and a balanced diet Nutrients and hydration

Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Mechanics of breathing and spirometer traces

3 things to know
Paper 1

Overview

How the diaphragm, intercostals and rib cage work at rest and in exercise, tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve and residual volumes, and reading a spirometer trace.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Describe how a spirometer trace changes at the onset of exercise.

Key term

What do the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles do when you breathe in at rest?

Key term

How does breathing in at rest make air enter the lungs?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What do the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles do when you breathe in at rest?
Model answer
The diaphragm contracts and flattens, moving downwards. The intercostal muscles contract and lift the rib cage up and out.
2
How does breathing in at rest make air enter the lungs?
Model answer
The chest cavity gets bigger, so the air pressure inside the lungs falls. Air moves in from the higher pressure outside the body.
3
What do the diaphragm, intercostals and rib cage do when you breathe out at rest?
Model answer
The diaphragm relaxes and rises back into a dome shape. The intercostals relax, so the rib cage moves down and in.
4
How does breathing out at rest force air out of the lungs?
Model answer
The chest cavity becomes smaller, so the air pressure in the lungs rises. Air moves out to the lower pressure outside the body.
5
Which extra muscles help a performer breathe in more deeply during exercise?
Model answer
The pectorals and the sternocleidomastoid help lift the rib cage further. The lungs can then expand more and take in more air.
6
How do the abdominal muscles help a performer breathe out during exercise?
Model answer
The abdominal muscles contract to pull the rib cage down more quickly. Air is forced out of the lungs faster.

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Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Movement Analysis

Physical Training

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The ribs and the form the chest.

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AThe aerobic training zone of a 20-year-old is 120–160 bpm.

BMaximum heart rate = 220 − 20 = 200 bpm.

CThe zone runs from 0.6 × 200 = 120 bpm to 0.8 × 200 = 160 bpm.

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Tendon means tough tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

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