Explain how a headland and its neighbouring bays are formed.

Waves attack alternating bands of rock, cutting quickly into the weaker bands to open sheltered bays and leaving the more resistant band projecting into the sea.

How does a sea cave form in the side of a headland?

Hydraulic action and abrasion widen a joint or fault at the wave-cut notch until the opening is enlarged into a hollow running back into the rock.

How does a cave become an arch?

Erosion continues at the back and sides of the cave until it is cut right through the narrow headland, leaving a bridge of rock above the opening.

What is a wave cut platform, and where is it seen?

It is the gently sloping rocky ledge left behind as a cliff retreats, exposed at the foot of the cliff when the tide is low.

Edexcel GCSE Geography A 1GA0

Changing Cities

Topic overview Global urbanisation trends and rates The UK’s urban population and why urbanisation varies by region The chosen UK city: site, situation, connectivity and structure Urbanisation, suburbanisation and migration in the chosen UK city Population change and deindustrialisation in the chosen UK city Inequality and changes in retailing in the chosen UK city Making the chosen UK city more sustainable The chosen developing or emerging city: site, situation and structure Population growth and migration in the chosen developing or emerging city Inequality and quality of life in the chosen developing or emerging city Rapid urbanisation: challenges, and bottom-up and top-down responses Government policy and quality of life in the chosen city

Coastal Landscapes and ProcessesLandscape option

Topic overview Coastal processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and deposition Geology, wave type and UK weather at the coast Coastal landforms of erosion and deposition Coastal recession, flooding and coastal defences A named distinctive coastal landscape in the UK

Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Management

Topic overview The world’s large-scale ecosystems and what controls their distribution The biosphere as a resource, and its commercial exploitation UK terrestrial and marine ecosystems Tropical rainforest characteristics and the nutrient cycle Rainforest biodiversity and plant and animal adaptations Rainforest goods and services, and the causes of deforestation Sustainable management of a named rainforest Deciduous woodland characteristics and the nutrient cycle Woodland biodiversity and plant and animal adaptations Woodland goods and services, and the causes of deforestation Sustainable management of a named deciduous woodland

Energy Resource ManagementResource option

Topic overview Renewable and non-renewable energy resources compared The UK’s energy mix and why energy mixes vary Rising energy demand and the development of non-renewables Developing renewables, and fracking Stakeholder attitudes to energy Sustainable management of energy resources

Geographical Investigations – Fieldwork

Topic overview River fieldwork: enquiry questions, methods and secondary data Coastal fieldwork: enquiry questions, methods and secondary data Urban fieldwork: enquiry questions and methods Urban fieldwork: secondary data sources Rural fieldwork: enquiry questions and methods Rural fieldwork: secondary data sources The enquiry process: asking questions and choosing methods The enquiry process: presenting, analysing and concluding The enquiry process: evaluating fieldwork

Geographical Investigations − UK Challenges

Topic overview The UK’s resource consumption and sustainability challenge The UK’s settlement, population and economic challenges The UK’s landscape challenges: National Parks and flood risk The UK’s climate change challenges

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Atlas and map skills: distributions, patterns and sketch maps Describing the site, situation and shape of settlements Interpreting diagrams, sketches and photographs Using online census sources Hypotheses, sampling and risk assessment Collecting, recording and presenting data Writing about findings and building an argument

Glaciated Upland Landscapes and ProcessesLandscape option

Topic overview Glacial processes and the processes at work on relict landscapes today Past climate and present UK weather in glaciated uplands Glacial landforms of erosion and deposition Crag and tail, and drumlins Human activity and development in glaciated uplands A named distinctive glaciated upland landscape in the UK

Global Development

Topic overview Defining and measuring development The global pattern of development and why it is uneven The consequences of uneven development for quality of life Strategies to reduce uneven development: aid, top-down and bottom-up The chosen country: location, context and internal unevenness Economic change, trade, aid and investment in the chosen country Population and social change in the chosen country Geopolitics and technology in the chosen country The impacts of rapid development and how they are managed

Mathematics and Statistics Skills

Topic overview Cartographic skills: contours, transects, scale and distance Using GIS and geo-spatial data Choosing, constructing and interpreting graphs and charts Numerical skills: number, scale, proportion and ratio Drawing conclusions from numerical data Statistical skills: averages, spread, percentages and correlation Spotting weaknesses in how data is presented

Resource Management

Topic overview What natural resources are, and how people exploit them How exploitation changes environments The distribution and consumption of food, energy and water

River Landscapes and ProcessesLandscape option

Topic overview River processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and deposition The long profile of a river and the effect of UK weather River landforms from source to mouth Land use, flood risk and river defences A named distinctive river landscape in the UK

The Changing Landscapes of the UK

Topic overview The UK’s rock types and geology How the UK’s upland and lowland landscapes were formed

Water Resource ManagementResource option

Topic overview The global distribution of fresh water, and water surplus and deficit Changing water supply and demand How water use differs between countries Water supply problems in the UK and in developing countries Stakeholder attitudes to water, and desalination Sustainable management of water resources

Weather Hazards and Climate Change

Topic overview Global atmospheric circulation and the transfer of heat Natural climate change and the evidence for it The enhanced greenhouse effect and the effects of climate change The climate of the UK and how it varies How tropical cyclones form, and where they occur Why tropical cyclones are hazardous, and their impacts Responses to tropical cyclones The causes of drought and why some places are more vulnerable The impacts of drought and responses to it

Coastal Landscapes and Processes

Coastal landforms of erosion and deposition

3 things to know
Paper 1 section A

Overview

How headlands and bays, caves, arches, stacks and stumps form, why cliffs steepen as they retreat, wave-cut platforms, steep shingle beaches, spits and their recurved ends, bars and lagoons, and how headlands, bays, spits, stacks and wave-cut platforms are recognised on OS maps.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Explain how a spit is built out from the coast.

Key term

Explain how a stack forms, and what it becomes in time.

Key term

Why does a cliff become steeper as it retreats?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Explain how a headland and its neighbouring bays are formed.
Model answer
Waves attack alternating bands of rock, cutting quickly into the weaker bands to open sheltered bays and leaving the more resistant band projecting into the sea.
2
How does a sea cave form in the side of a headland?
Model answer
Hydraulic action and abrasion widen a joint or fault at the wave-cut notch until the opening is enlarged into a hollow running back into the rock.
3
How does a cave become an arch?
Model answer
Erosion continues at the back and sides of the cave until it is cut right through the narrow headland, leaving a bridge of rock above the opening.
4
Explain how a stack forms, and what it becomes in time.
Model answer
The roof of an arch is weathered and undercut until it collapses, leaving an isolated pillar of rock, and further erosion reduces that pillar to a low stump.
5
Why does a cliff become steeper as it retreats?
Model answer
Waves cut a notch at the high tide line and undercut the base, so the overhanging rock above eventually collapses and leaves a steep new face further inland.
6
What is a wave cut platform, and where is it seen?
Model answer
It is the gently sloping rocky ledge left behind as a cliff retreats, exposed at the foot of the cliff when the tide is low.

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Changing Cities

Coastal Landscapes and Processes

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Energy Resource Management

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