What is meant by chemical weathering at the coast?

The rock is broken down by a reaction that changes its minerals, such as slightly acidic rainwater dissolving the calcium carbonate in limestone and chalk.

How is slumping different from a slide?

Slumped material rotates as it moves down a curved failure surface, so the slipped block tilts backwards and leaves a scar shaped like a spoon.

What is hydraulic action, and why is it strongest during a storm?

It is the force of breaking waves compressing air into cracks so the rock is blown apart, and storm waves carry far more energy so the compression is greater.

Edexcel GCSE Geography A 1GA0

Changing Cities

Topic overview Global urbanisation trends and rates The UK’s urban population and why urbanisation varies by region The chosen UK city: site, situation, connectivity and structure Urbanisation, suburbanisation and migration in the chosen UK city Population change and deindustrialisation in the chosen UK city Inequality and changes in retailing in the chosen UK city Making the chosen UK city more sustainable The chosen developing or emerging city: site, situation and structure Population growth and migration in the chosen developing or emerging city Inequality and quality of life in the chosen developing or emerging city Rapid urbanisation: challenges, and bottom-up and top-down responses Government policy and quality of life in the chosen city

Coastal Landscapes and ProcessesLandscape option

Topic overview Coastal processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and deposition Geology, wave type and UK weather at the coast Coastal landforms of erosion and deposition Coastal recession, flooding and coastal defences A named distinctive coastal landscape in the UK

Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Management

Topic overview The world’s large-scale ecosystems and what controls their distribution The biosphere as a resource, and its commercial exploitation UK terrestrial and marine ecosystems Tropical rainforest characteristics and the nutrient cycle Rainforest biodiversity and plant and animal adaptations Rainforest goods and services, and the causes of deforestation Sustainable management of a named rainforest Deciduous woodland characteristics and the nutrient cycle Woodland biodiversity and plant and animal adaptations Woodland goods and services, and the causes of deforestation Sustainable management of a named deciduous woodland

Energy Resource ManagementResource option

Topic overview Renewable and non-renewable energy resources compared The UK’s energy mix and why energy mixes vary Rising energy demand and the development of non-renewables Developing renewables, and fracking Stakeholder attitudes to energy Sustainable management of energy resources

Geographical Investigations – Fieldwork

Topic overview River fieldwork: enquiry questions, methods and secondary data Coastal fieldwork: enquiry questions, methods and secondary data Urban fieldwork: enquiry questions and methods Urban fieldwork: secondary data sources Rural fieldwork: enquiry questions and methods Rural fieldwork: secondary data sources The enquiry process: asking questions and choosing methods The enquiry process: presenting, analysing and concluding The enquiry process: evaluating fieldwork

Geographical Investigations − UK Challenges

Topic overview The UK’s resource consumption and sustainability challenge The UK’s settlement, population and economic challenges The UK’s landscape challenges: National Parks and flood risk The UK’s climate change challenges

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Atlas and map skills: distributions, patterns and sketch maps Describing the site, situation and shape of settlements Interpreting diagrams, sketches and photographs Using online census sources Hypotheses, sampling and risk assessment Collecting, recording and presenting data Writing about findings and building an argument

Glaciated Upland Landscapes and ProcessesLandscape option

Topic overview Glacial processes and the processes at work on relict landscapes today Past climate and present UK weather in glaciated uplands Glacial landforms of erosion and deposition Crag and tail, and drumlins Human activity and development in glaciated uplands A named distinctive glaciated upland landscape in the UK

Global Development

Topic overview Defining and measuring development The global pattern of development and why it is uneven The consequences of uneven development for quality of life Strategies to reduce uneven development: aid, top-down and bottom-up The chosen country: location, context and internal unevenness Economic change, trade, aid and investment in the chosen country Population and social change in the chosen country Geopolitics and technology in the chosen country The impacts of rapid development and how they are managed

Mathematics and Statistics Skills

Topic overview Cartographic skills: contours, transects, scale and distance Using GIS and geo-spatial data Choosing, constructing and interpreting graphs and charts Numerical skills: number, scale, proportion and ratio Drawing conclusions from numerical data Statistical skills: averages, spread, percentages and correlation Spotting weaknesses in how data is presented

Resource Management

Topic overview What natural resources are, and how people exploit them How exploitation changes environments The distribution and consumption of food, energy and water

River Landscapes and ProcessesLandscape option

Topic overview River processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and deposition The long profile of a river and the effect of UK weather River landforms from source to mouth Land use, flood risk and river defences A named distinctive river landscape in the UK

The Changing Landscapes of the UK

Topic overview The UK’s rock types and geology How the UK’s upland and lowland landscapes were formed

Water Resource ManagementResource option

Topic overview The global distribution of fresh water, and water surplus and deficit Changing water supply and demand How water use differs between countries Water supply problems in the UK and in developing countries Stakeholder attitudes to water, and desalination Sustainable management of water resources

Weather Hazards and Climate Change

Topic overview Global atmospheric circulation and the transfer of heat Natural climate change and the evidence for it The enhanced greenhouse effect and the effects of climate change The climate of the UK and how it varies How tropical cyclones form, and where they occur Why tropical cyclones are hazardous, and their impacts Responses to tropical cyclones The causes of drought and why some places are more vulnerable The impacts of drought and responses to it

Coastal Landscapes and Processes

Coastal processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and deposition

3 things to know
Paper 1 section A

Overview

Freeze-thaw, chemical and biological weathering of cliffs, sliding and slumping, hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution, transport by traction, saltation, suspension and solution, longshore drift, and the conditions in which the sea deposits its load.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

How does freeze-thaw break up rock in a cliff face?

Key term

Give two ways living things weather coastal rock.

Key term

What happens when a cliff fails by sliding?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
How does freeze-thaw break up rock in a cliff face?
Model answer
Water collects in a crack, freezes and expands by about a tenth of its volume, and repeated freezing widens the crack until fragments split away.
2
What is meant by chemical weathering at the coast?
Model answer
The rock is broken down by a reaction that changes its minerals, such as slightly acidic rainwater dissolving the calcium carbonate in limestone and chalk.
3
Give two ways living things weather coastal rock.
Model answer
Plant roots grow into cracks and prise the rock apart, and burrowing animals and shellfish bore into softer rock and weaken it.
4
What happens when a cliff fails by sliding?
Model answer
A block of saturated material moves downslope in one piece along a straight surface, keeping roughly its original shape as it goes.
5
How is slumping different from a slide?
Model answer
Slumped material rotates as it moves down a curved failure surface, so the slipped block tilts backwards and leaves a scar shaped like a spoon.
6
What is hydraulic action, and why is it strongest during a storm?
Model answer
It is the force of breaking waves compressing air into cracks so the rock is blown apart, and storm waves carry far more energy so the compression is greater.

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Changing Cities

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