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Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Management

The world’s large-scale ecosystems and what controls their distribution

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 1

Overview

Where rainforests, hot deserts, boreal forest, temperate forest, tropical and temperate grassland and tundra are found and what defines them, how latitude, circulation, soil and altitude control their distribution, and how climate graphs for different biomes are read and compared.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

What is characteristic of temperate grassland such as the prairies and steppes?

Key term

What are the defining features of the boreal forest?

Key term

Which characteristics define the tundra?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    Where in the world are tropical rainforests mainly found?

    Model answer

    In a belt within roughly 10° north and south of the Equator, above all in the Amazon Basin, the Congo Basin and South East Asia.

  2. 2

    Around which latitudes do most of the world's hot deserts lie, and why?

    Model answer

    Around 20–30° north and south of the Equator, where air that rose at the Equator sinks again, warming and drying as it descends.

  3. 3

    What are the defining features of the boreal forest?

    Model answer

    Long very cold winters and short cool summers, evergreen coniferous trees, few species and thin acidic soils.

  4. 4

    Where is boreal forest found?

    Model answer

    In a broad band across the high northern latitudes of Canada, Scandinavia and Russia, roughly between 50° and 70°N.

  5. 5

    How does temperate forest differ from boreal forest in its climate and its trees?

    Model answer

    It has four clear seasons with milder winters, and broadleaved trees that shed their leaves in autumn rather than cold-tolerant conifers.

  6. 6

    What climate produces tropical grassland, and what vegetation results?

    Model answer

    A clear wet season and a long dry season on either side of the rainforest belt, giving tall grasses with scattered drought-resistant trees.

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