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CCEA AS-Level History 4010
England 1509–58AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Church in England on the eve of the ReformationCriticism of the Church and the early reformersHenry VIII, Catherine of Aragon and the case for annulmentThe struggle for the divorce and the men who shaped itThe Reformation Parliament and the break with RomeOpposition to religious changeThe dissolution of the monasteriesThe Pilgrimage of GraceGovernment under Somerset and NorthumberlandRebellion in 1549: the Western Rising and Kett's rebellionMary I, female monarchy and the succession crisesWyatt's rebellionThe Edwardian religious reforms 1547–53The Marian restoration and the persecutionsEconomic and social problems of the period
England 1603–49AS Unit 1
Topic overviewJames I's Elizabethan inheritanceJames I, the Church of England and the PuritansJames I, the Catholics and the Gunpowder PlotThe financial problems of James IThe foreign policy of James IRoyal favourites and the politics of the courtCharles I, war and Parliament 1625–29The decision to rule without ParliamentFinancing the Personal RuleLaudianism and religious reform in the 1630sThe court culture of Charles IScotland, Ireland and the collapse of the Personal RuleThe Long Parliament and the outbreak of war 1640–42The campaigns and battles of the Civil WarWhy Parliament won the Civil WarThe search for a settlement 1646–49Radicalism, the Levellers and the ArmyThe regicide and the birth of the Commonwealth
Britain in the Age of Reform 1830–80AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe case for and against parliamentary reformThe passing of the Reform Act 1830–32The terms and consequences of the Reform ActThe Whig reforms of the 1830s and the impulse behind themThe New Poor Law of 1834The rise of ChartismThe People's Charter, Lovett and O'ConnorChartist methods and the reasons for failureThe Anti-Corn Law LeaguePeel and the making of the Conservative PartyPeel's ministry 1841–46The repeal of the Corn Laws and the split of 1846Disraeli and Tory DemocracyThe Second Reform Act of 1867Disraeli's ministry 1874–80Gladstone from Peelite to LiberalGladstone's first ministry 1868–74Gladstone and Disraeli as leaders
Italy and Germany 1815–71AS Unit 1
Topic overviewGerman nationalism, liberalism and cultural revival 1815–48Economic change, the Zollverein and Prussian prosperityThe 1848 revolutions in the German statesThe Frankfurt Parliament and the reasons for its failureOlmütz, army reform and the Prussian constitutional crisisBismarck's aims, methods and the debate about his roleSchleswig-Holstein and the Austro-Prussian WarThe North German Confederation and the southern German statesThe Franco-Prussian War and the proclamation of the German EmpireThe international climate and why Germany was unifiedItalian nationalism, culture and the ideas of the RisorgimentoThe 1848–49 revolutions in Italy and their failurePiedmont, Cavour's reforms and the war of 1859Garibaldi, the Thousand and his relations with CavourThe Papal States, Rome and why Italy was unified
Germany 1919–45AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Weimar Constitution and the Treaty of VersaillesPolitical threats from left and right 1919–23Reparations, the Ruhr and the hyperinflation of 1923The Weimar economy 1924–29Stresemann's foreign policy and the 'golden years'The Nazi Party from the Munich putsch to 1929The Wall Street Crash and the end of parliamentary governmentThe Nazi electoral breakthrough and Hitler's appointment as ChancellorThe creation of the Nazi dictatorship 1933–34Anti-Semitism and persecution 1933–39Youth, women and the churches 1933–39Schacht, Göring and the Nazi economy 1933–39Culture, the arts and the media in the Third ReichThe war economy: Todt, Speer and total warThe home front: rationing, bombing, labour and moraleOpposition and resistance in wartimeThe Holocaust: ghettos, Barbarossa, Wannsee and genocide
Spain and Europe 1556–98AS Unit 2
Topic overviewSpain in 1556 and the legacy of Charles VPhilip II's kingship and working methodsConciliar government, faction and the Pérez affairThe revolts of the Moriscos and of AragonThe Spanish economy in 1556 and the king's revenuesAgriculture, industry and commerce 1556–98Bullion, debt, inflation and the royal bankruptciesThe Spanish Church, Tridentine reform and the papacyThe Inquisition, Conversos, Jews and ProtestantsThe Spanish Empire and the aims of Philip II's foreign policyFrance, from Cateau-Cambrésis to VervinsThe Mediterranean war with the Turks and the annexation of PortugalThe Netherlands and the Dutch RevoltEngland, the sea dogs and the ArmadaPhilip II's Spain in 1598
The Ascendancy of France in Europe 1660–1714AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe foundations of French power under Louis XIVThe War of Devolution 1667–68The Dutch War 1672–78 and the Treaties of NijmegenThe Reunions and the Truce of RatisbonThe League of Augsburg and the alarm of EuropeThe Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the quarrel with RomeThe Cologne incident and the outbreak of the Nine Years' WarFrench successes in the Nine Years' WarAllied successes and the stalemate of the Nine Years' WarThe Peace of Ryswick 1697The Partition Treaties and the Spanish succession problemLouis XIV's acceptance of the will and the road to warMarlborough and the great battles of the warWhy the Grand Alliance won and France failedUtrecht, Rastatt and Europe after 1714
Ireland 1823–67AS Unit 2
Topic overviewO'Connell and the Catholic AssociationThe Clare election and Catholic EmancipationThe impact of Emancipation and the Tithe WarThe Lichfield House CompactThe Repeal Association and the monster meetingsClontarf and the failure of RepealPeel's Irish reformsYoung Ireland and the split with O'ConnellThe rising of 1848The long-term causes of the FamineThe course and extent of the FaminePeel, Russell and famine relief 1845–49The consequences of the Famine to 1867The origins, leadership and aims of the FeniansThe Fenian Rising of 1867
France 1815–70AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe restoration of the Bourbons and the Charter of 1814Louis XVIII: the White Terror, moderation and the turn to the rightCharles X, the ultras and the ChurchEconomy, society and culture in France 1815–48The July revolution of 1830 and the fall of Charles XLouis Philippe, Guizot and the bourgeois monarchyOpposition to Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe's foreign policyThe banquet campaign and the February revolution of 1848The Second Republic: the National Workshops and the June DaysThe presidency of Louis Napoleon 1848–51The coup of 1851 and the making of the Second EmpireThe authoritarian Empire and its liberalisationEconomic modernisation, Haussmann's Paris and social changeNapoleon III's foreign policy and the collapse of 1870
Russia 1914–41AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe impact of the First World War on RussiaNicholas II, the Tsarina and RasputinThe February Revolution and the abdication of the TsarThe Provisional Government, the Petrograd Soviet and dual authorityLenin, the April Theses and the road to OctoberThe October Revolution and the consolidation of Bolshevik powerThe Civil War and the Bolshevik victory 1918–21Lenin's economic policies 1917–24Society and culture under LeninThe struggle to succeed Lenin 1924–29Collectivisation and the peasantryIndustrialisation and the Five Year PlansThe social impact of Stalin's economic policiesTerror and the purges 1934–39Culture, propaganda and the cult of personality
Italy's Quest for Great Power Status 1871–1943AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe aims and challenges of Italian foreign policy after 1871Colonisation in Africa: Tunisia, Eritrea, Abyssinia and LibyaThe Triple Alliance and relations with the Great PowersGiolitti and Italy's internal divisionsFrom neutrality to intervention 1914–15Italy's war 1915–18 and its impact at homeThe mutilated victory, the peace settlement and FiumeThe crisis of the Liberal state and the Biennio RossoThe rise of the Fascist movement 1919–22The March on Rome and Mussolini's appointmentThe consolidation of Fascist power 1922–26The aims of Fascist foreign policy and the years 1922–34Abyssinia and the Spanish Civil WarItaly, Germany and the road to war 1935–40Defeat and the fall of Mussolini 1940–43
France 1815–70
- 15 subtopics
- 45 things to know
- AS Unit 2
- AS Unit 2, one option of six
What France 1815–70 covers
France 1815–70 is examined in Unit AS 2, Historical Conflict and Change — the option chosen from six. It covers the restoration of the Bourbons and the Charter of 1814, Louis XVIII: the White Terror, moderation and the turn to the right, Charles X, the ultras and the Church, economy, society and culture in France 1815–48, the July revolution of 1830 and the fall of Charles X, Louis Philippe, Guizot and the bourgeois monarchy, opposition to Louis Philippe, Louis Philippe's foreign policy, the banquet campaign and the February revolution of 1848, the Second Republic: the National Workshops and the June Days, the presidency of Louis Napoleon 1848–51, the coup of 1851 and the making of the Second Empire, the authoritarian Empire and its liberalisation, economic modernisation, Haussmann's Paris and social change and Napoleon III's foreign policy and the collapse of 1870.
Where it is assessed
AS Unit 2
Historical Conflict and Change, one option of six.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 15 subtopics
Each one has its own page. CCEA AS History students sit this topic in the first year.
- The restoration of the Bourbons and the Charter of 1814Aims of the Charter of Liberties and legislature created by the Charter.Open →
- Louis XVIII: the White Terror, moderation and the turn to the rightChambre introuvable and law of the double vote.Open →
- Charles X, the ultras and the ChurchLaw of sacrilege and milliard des émigrés.Open →
- Economy, society and culture in France 1815–48Tariff policy of the restored monarchy, conditions like for industrial workers and romanticism and who were its leading French figures.Open →
- The July revolution of 1830 and the fall of Charles XOrdinances of St Cloud and trois Glorieuses.Open →
- Louis Philippe, Guizot and the bourgeois monarchyThe July Monarchy's narrow franchise, the politics of resistance and movement, Guizot's ministry and the corruption of the chamber.Open →
- Opposition to Louis PhilippeDuchesse de Berry's rising and bonapartist opposition.Open →
- Louis Philippe's foreign policyAims of Louis Philippe's foreign policy, pritchard affair and spanish marriages.Open →
- The banquet campaign and the February revolution of 1848The reform banquets and their prohibition, the shooting on the Boulevard des Capucines and the abdication of Louis Philippe.Open →
- The Second Republic: the National Workshops and the June DaysMost important political reform of the new republic, three other early measures of the Second Republic and right to work.Open →
- The presidency of Louis Napoleon 1848–51The election of December 1848, the national workshops and the June Days, the Roman expedition and the Falloux Law.Open →
- The coup of 1851 and the making of the Second EmpireThe dispute over the constitution, the coup of 2 December, the plebiscites and the proclamation of the Empire.Open →
- The authoritarian Empire and its liberalisationControl of press and parliament in the 1850s, the concessions of the 1860s and the constitution of 1870.Open →
- Economic modernisation, Haussmann's Paris and social changeNapoleon III's economic aims, crédit Mobilier and the Crédit Foncier and practical arguments for rebuilding Paris.Open →
- Napoleon III's foreign policy and the collapse of 1870Aims of Napoleon III's foreign policy, mexican expedition and hohenzollern candidature.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
How was the Charter altered in 1830?
Key term
What social policies did Napoleon III pursue for the workers?
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How far was military defeat alone responsible for the collapse of the Empire?
Key term
Give three reasons why the Bourbons were restored in 1814.
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What was the White Terror of 1815?
Key term
Why was the coronation of 1825 politically damaging?
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How did the Revolution shape French landholding?
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What was the Duchesse de Berry's rising?
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What were the aims of Louis Philippe's foreign policy?
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What was the reform movement of 1847 asking for?
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What was the most important political reform of the new republic?
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Who won the presidential election of December 1848?
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When did Louis Napoleon carry out his coup d'état?
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How did Napoleon III control elections in the authoritarian Empire?
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Why did the allies prefer a restored monarchy to a regency or a new dynasty?
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Which soldier was executed in December 1815, and why did the case matter?
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What was the milliard des émigrés?
Key term
Why did the pattern of landholding slow French economic growth?
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What was the result of the elections of the summer of 1830?
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Why did the deputies choose Louis Philippe in 1830?
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What happened at General Lamarque's funeral in 1832?
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How did France respond to the Belgian revolution of 1830?
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What were the reform banquets?
Key term
Name three other early measures of the Second Republic.
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Why did the peasants vote for Louis Napoleon?
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How was the coup organised?
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How was the press controlled after 1852?
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What were Napoleon III's economic aims?
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What did France gain from the Crimean War?
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How did the Hundred Days change the position of the restored monarchy?
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What was the chambre introuvable?
Key term
What happened when Charles X reviewed the National Guard in 1827?
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Where was French industry concentrated before 1848?
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How did the ordinances reduce the electorate?
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How was the Paris crowd reconciled to a king in 1830?
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What were the risings of 1834?
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Why was the Belgian settlement a success for Louis Philippe?
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How widespread was the banquet campaign?
Key term
What was the right to work, and how was it met?
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What was the Roman expedition of 1849?
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What did the coup proclamation offer the country?
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How did Napoleon III treat the Church in the 1850s?
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How did the railway network change under the Second Empire?
Key term
What did Napoleon III agree with Cavour at Plombières?
Take France 1815–70 further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
The Luxembourg Commission vs The National Workshops
The Luxembourg Commission: a talking body on labour questions with no power. The National Workshops: a relief scheme paying men a daily wage for makeshift work.
The June Days vs The coup of December 1851
The June Days: a workers' insurrection crushed by a republican general. The coup of December 1851: the seizure of power by an elected president against the assembly.
Cavaignac vs Louis Napoleon
Cavaignac: the general who suppressed the Paris rising and lost the presidential election. Louis Napoleon: won it on the strength of a famous name.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Who was Louis XVIII and how was he related to the last king of the old monarchy?
Model answer
Louis XVIII was the younger brother of Louis XVI, and he had spent more than twenty years in exile before returning to the throne in 1814.
- 2
Give three reasons why the Bourbons were restored in 1814.
Model answer
The allies wanted a settled government they could deal with, no organised republican or Bonapartist alternative existed, and France was exhausted by twenty years of war.
- 3
How did Talleyrand justify the return of the Bourbons?
Model answer
Talleyrand argued that only the principle of legitimacy could give France a government the rest of Europe would accept and the French would not have to invent.
- 4
Why did the allies prefer a restored monarchy to a regency or a new dynasty?
Model answer
A restored monarchy carried its own claim to obedience, whereas any new ruler would have depended on the army and could have renewed the war.
- 5
How did the Hundred Days change the position of the restored monarchy?
Model answer
Napoleon's return in 1815 showed how shallow support for the Bourbons was, and Louis XVIII came back a second time in the baggage of foreign armies.
- 6
Compare the two peace treaties France signed in 1814 and 1815.
Model answer
The first Treaty of Paris left France its 1792 frontiers with no indemnity, while the second imposed the frontiers of 1790, an indemnity of seven hundred million francs and an army of occupation.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
France 1815–70 revision questions
- Is France 1815–70 examined at AS in CCEA History?
- Yes. It sits in AS Unit 2, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does France 1815–70 cover in CCEA AS-Level History?
- 15 subtopics: the restoration of the bourbons and the charter of 1814, louis xviii: the white terror, moderation and the turn to the right, charles x, the ultras and the church, economy, society and culture in france 1815–48, the july revolution of 1830 and the fall of charles x, louis philippe, guizot and the bourgeois monarchy, opposition to louis philippe, louis philippe's foreign policy, the banquet campaign and the february revolution of 1848, the second republic: the national workshops and the june days, the presidency of louis napoleon 1848–51, the coup of 1851 and the making of the second empire, the authoritarian empire and its liberalisation, economic modernisation, haussmann's paris and social change and napoleon iii's foreign policy and the collapse of 1870. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is France 1815–70 organised?
- By the CCEA 4010 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in France 1815–70, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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