Key term
CCEA AS-Level History 4010
England 1509–58AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Church in England on the eve of the ReformationCriticism of the Church and the early reformersHenry VIII, Catherine of Aragon and the case for annulmentThe struggle for the divorce and the men who shaped itThe Reformation Parliament and the break with RomeOpposition to religious changeThe dissolution of the monasteriesThe Pilgrimage of GraceGovernment under Somerset and NorthumberlandRebellion in 1549: the Western Rising and Kett's rebellionMary I, female monarchy and the succession crisesWyatt's rebellionThe Edwardian religious reforms 1547–53The Marian restoration and the persecutionsEconomic and social problems of the period
England 1603–49AS Unit 1
Topic overviewJames I's Elizabethan inheritanceJames I, the Church of England and the PuritansJames I, the Catholics and the Gunpowder PlotThe financial problems of James IThe foreign policy of James IRoyal favourites and the politics of the courtCharles I, war and Parliament 1625–29The decision to rule without ParliamentFinancing the Personal RuleLaudianism and religious reform in the 1630sThe court culture of Charles IScotland, Ireland and the collapse of the Personal RuleThe Long Parliament and the outbreak of war 1640–42The campaigns and battles of the Civil WarWhy Parliament won the Civil WarThe search for a settlement 1646–49Radicalism, the Levellers and the ArmyThe regicide and the birth of the Commonwealth
Britain in the Age of Reform 1830–80AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe case for and against parliamentary reformThe passing of the Reform Act 1830–32The terms and consequences of the Reform ActThe Whig reforms of the 1830s and the impulse behind themThe New Poor Law of 1834The rise of ChartismThe People's Charter, Lovett and O'ConnorChartist methods and the reasons for failureThe Anti-Corn Law LeaguePeel and the making of the Conservative PartyPeel's ministry 1841–46The repeal of the Corn Laws and the split of 1846Disraeli and Tory DemocracyThe Second Reform Act of 1867Disraeli's ministry 1874–80Gladstone from Peelite to LiberalGladstone's first ministry 1868–74Gladstone and Disraeli as leaders
Italy and Germany 1815–71AS Unit 1
Topic overviewGerman nationalism, liberalism and cultural revival 1815–48Economic change, the Zollverein and Prussian prosperityThe 1848 revolutions in the German statesThe Frankfurt Parliament and the reasons for its failureOlmütz, army reform and the Prussian constitutional crisisBismarck's aims, methods and the debate about his roleSchleswig-Holstein and the Austro-Prussian WarThe North German Confederation and the southern German statesThe Franco-Prussian War and the proclamation of the German EmpireThe international climate and why Germany was unifiedItalian nationalism, culture and the ideas of the RisorgimentoThe 1848–49 revolutions in Italy and their failurePiedmont, Cavour's reforms and the war of 1859Garibaldi, the Thousand and his relations with CavourThe Papal States, Rome and why Italy was unified
Germany 1919–45AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Weimar Constitution and the Treaty of VersaillesPolitical threats from left and right 1919–23Reparations, the Ruhr and the hyperinflation of 1923The Weimar economy 1924–29Stresemann's foreign policy and the 'golden years'The Nazi Party from the Munich putsch to 1929The Wall Street Crash and the end of parliamentary governmentThe Nazi electoral breakthrough and Hitler's appointment as ChancellorThe creation of the Nazi dictatorship 1933–34Anti-Semitism and persecution 1933–39Youth, women and the churches 1933–39Schacht, Göring and the Nazi economy 1933–39Culture, the arts and the media in the Third ReichThe war economy: Todt, Speer and total warThe home front: rationing, bombing, labour and moraleOpposition and resistance in wartimeThe Holocaust: ghettos, Barbarossa, Wannsee and genocide
Spain and Europe 1556–98AS Unit 2
Topic overviewSpain in 1556 and the legacy of Charles VPhilip II's kingship and working methodsConciliar government, faction and the Pérez affairThe revolts of the Moriscos and of AragonThe Spanish economy in 1556 and the king's revenuesAgriculture, industry and commerce 1556–98Bullion, debt, inflation and the royal bankruptciesThe Spanish Church, Tridentine reform and the papacyThe Inquisition, Conversos, Jews and ProtestantsThe Spanish Empire and the aims of Philip II's foreign policyFrance, from Cateau-Cambrésis to VervinsThe Mediterranean war with the Turks and the annexation of PortugalThe Netherlands and the Dutch RevoltEngland, the sea dogs and the ArmadaPhilip II's Spain in 1598
The Ascendancy of France in Europe 1660–1714AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe foundations of French power under Louis XIVThe War of Devolution 1667–68The Dutch War 1672–78 and the Treaties of NijmegenThe Reunions and the Truce of RatisbonThe League of Augsburg and the alarm of EuropeThe Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the quarrel with RomeThe Cologne incident and the outbreak of the Nine Years' WarFrench successes in the Nine Years' WarAllied successes and the stalemate of the Nine Years' WarThe Peace of Ryswick 1697The Partition Treaties and the Spanish succession problemLouis XIV's acceptance of the will and the road to warMarlborough and the great battles of the warWhy the Grand Alliance won and France failedUtrecht, Rastatt and Europe after 1714
Ireland 1823–67AS Unit 2
Topic overviewO'Connell and the Catholic AssociationThe Clare election and Catholic EmancipationThe impact of Emancipation and the Tithe WarThe Lichfield House CompactThe Repeal Association and the monster meetingsClontarf and the failure of RepealPeel's Irish reformsYoung Ireland and the split with O'ConnellThe rising of 1848The long-term causes of the FamineThe course and extent of the FaminePeel, Russell and famine relief 1845–49The consequences of the Famine to 1867The origins, leadership and aims of the FeniansThe Fenian Rising of 1867
France 1815–70AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe restoration of the Bourbons and the Charter of 1814Louis XVIII: the White Terror, moderation and the turn to the rightCharles X, the ultras and the ChurchEconomy, society and culture in France 1815–48The July revolution of 1830 and the fall of Charles XLouis Philippe, Guizot and the bourgeois monarchyOpposition to Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe's foreign policyThe banquet campaign and the February revolution of 1848The Second Republic: the National Workshops and the June DaysThe presidency of Louis Napoleon 1848–51The coup of 1851 and the making of the Second EmpireThe authoritarian Empire and its liberalisationEconomic modernisation, Haussmann's Paris and social changeNapoleon III's foreign policy and the collapse of 1870
Russia 1914–41AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe impact of the First World War on RussiaNicholas II, the Tsarina and RasputinThe February Revolution and the abdication of the TsarThe Provisional Government, the Petrograd Soviet and dual authorityLenin, the April Theses and the road to OctoberThe October Revolution and the consolidation of Bolshevik powerThe Civil War and the Bolshevik victory 1918–21Lenin's economic policies 1917–24Society and culture under LeninThe struggle to succeed Lenin 1924–29Collectivisation and the peasantryIndustrialisation and the Five Year PlansThe social impact of Stalin's economic policiesTerror and the purges 1934–39Culture, propaganda and the cult of personality
Italy's Quest for Great Power Status 1871–1943AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe aims and challenges of Italian foreign policy after 1871Colonisation in Africa: Tunisia, Eritrea, Abyssinia and LibyaThe Triple Alliance and relations with the Great PowersGiolitti and Italy's internal divisionsFrom neutrality to intervention 1914–15Italy's war 1915–18 and its impact at homeThe mutilated victory, the peace settlement and FiumeThe crisis of the Liberal state and the Biennio RossoThe rise of the Fascist movement 1919–22The March on Rome and Mussolini's appointmentThe consolidation of Fascist power 1922–26The aims of Fascist foreign policy and the years 1922–34Abyssinia and the Spanish Civil WarItaly, Germany and the road to war 1935–40Defeat and the fall of Mussolini 1940–43
Russia 1914–41
- 15 subtopics
- 45 things to know
- AS Unit 2
- AS Unit 2, one option of six
What Russia 1914–41 covers
Russia 1914–41 is examined in Unit AS 2, Historical Conflict and Change — the option chosen from six. It covers the impact of the First World War on Russia, Nicholas II, the Tsarina and Rasputin, the February Revolution and the abdication of the Tsar, the Provisional Government, the Petrograd Soviet and dual authority, Lenin, the April Theses and the road to October, the October Revolution and the consolidation of Bolshevik power, the Civil War and the Bolshevik victory 1918–21, Lenin's economic policies 1917–24, society and culture under Lenin, the struggle to succeed Lenin 1924–29, collectivisation and the peasantry, industrialisation and the Five Year Plans, the social impact of Stalin's economic policies, terror and the purges 1934–39 and culture, propaganda and the cult of personality.
Where it is assessed
AS Unit 2
Historical Conflict and Change, one option of six.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 15 subtopics
Each one has its own page. CCEA AS History students sit this topic in the first year.
- The impact of the First World War on RussiaWhy conscription damaged Russian agriculture, war Industries Committees and progressive Bloc and what did it demand.Open →
- Nicholas II, the Tsarina and RasputinThe Tsar's decision to take command at the front, the government left to the Tsarina, Rasputin's influence and the damage to the dynasty's standing.Open →
- The February Revolution and the abdication of the TsarThe bread queues and strikes in Petrograd, the mutiny of the garrison, the Duma committee and the abdication.Open →
- The Provisional Government, the Petrograd Soviet and dual authorityPetrograd Soviet, what is meant by dual authority and milyukov Note and what did it provoke.Open →
- Lenin, the April Theses and the road to OctoberJune Offensive and why did it matter, july Days and kornilov affair.Open →
- The October Revolution and the consolidation of Bolshevik powerMilitary Revolutionary Committee and taking of the Winter Palace.Open →
- The Civil War and the Bolshevik victory 1918–21Four principal White commanders and the region each held and czech Legion and why did its revolt matter.Open →
- Lenin's economic policies 1917–24State Capitalism in Bolshevik economic policy, three main features of War Communism and political cost of War Communism.Open →
- Society and culture under LeninTwo women prominent in early Bolshevik social policy and likbez campaign.Open →
- The struggle to succeed Lenin 1924–29Lenin's Testament, lenin Enrolment and two rival doctrines that divided Stalin and Trotsky.Open →
- Collectivisation and the peasantryUrals-Siberian method, machine Tractor Stations and article "Dizzy with Success.Open →
- Industrialisation and the Five Year PlansThree showpiece projects of the plans and shakhty trial.Open →
- The social impact of Stalin's economic policiesLiving standards and housing in the new industrial cities, labour discipline and the Stakhanovite movement, and the position of women.Open →
- Terror and the purges 1934–39The murder of Kirov, the show trials, the purge of the Red Army and the scale of arrest and execution.Open →
- Culture, propaganda and the cult of personalitySocialist realism, cult of personality and short Course.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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How did the July Days damage the Bolsheviks?
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How close did the Whites come to victory in 1919?
Numbers
What was the Zhenotdel?
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What decision of September 1915 tied Nicholas II personally to military defeat?
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What brought crowds out on 23 February 1917?
Numbers
Who headed the first Provisional Government?
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Where was Lenin in September 1917 and what was he demanding?
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Why did Lenin abandon State Capitalism in mid-1918?
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What powers came with the post of General Secretary?
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What was the grain procurement crisis of 1927 and 1928?
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Which industries did the First Five Year Plan concentrate on?
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What happened to the urban population during the 1930s?
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Why is the Seventeenth Party Congress of 1934 significant?
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What is socialist realism?
Numbers
When did Russia enter the First World War, and on whose behalf?
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Where did Nicholas II spend most of his time after taking command?
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Why were the bread queues so bitter that winter?
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Which minister was the only socialist in that first cabinet?
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How did Lenin return to Russia in April 1917?
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What did the Bolshevik Central Committee decide on 10 October 1917?
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Name the four principal White commanders and the region each held.
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State three main features of War Communism.
Numbers
What did the Family Code of 1918 change for women?
Numbers
What was the Lenin Enrolment?
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Give three aims of collectivisation.
Numbers
When did the First Five Year Plan run, and how was it declared to have ended?
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Describe housing conditions for the new industrial workers.
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How did Stalin exploit Kirov's murder?
Numbers
When was socialist realism imposed on writers?
Numbers
Name the two defeats suffered by Russian armies in East Prussia in 1914.
Who and when
Who was left to supervise the government in Petrograd?
Key term
What order did Nicholas II send to Petrograd on 25 February?
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Name three liberties granted by the Provisional Government in its first weeks.
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What did Lenin demand in the April Theses?
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How did Zinoviev and Kamenev warn the government?
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Which foreign powers intervened against the Bolsheviks?
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What was prodrazvyorstka?
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Name two women prominent in early Bolshevik social policy.
Evaluation
How did Stalin turn Lenin's funeral to his advantage?
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Distinguish a kolkhoz from a sovkhoz.
Numbers
What dominated the Third Five Year Plan?
Numbers
What happened to food supply in the towns in the early 1930s?
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What was the NKVD?
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Which writer lent his prestige to the new doctrine?
Take Russia 1914–41 further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
February Revolution vs October Revolution
February Revolution: an unplanned popular collapse of the monarchy in the middle of a war. October Revolution: a carefully organised seizure of power by a single party.
Provisional Government vs Petrograd Soviet
Provisional Government: the formal cabinet inherited from the Duma and claiming legal authority. Petrograd Soviet: an elected council of workers and soldiers that held the loyalty of the troops.
Red Terror vs Great Purge
Red Terror: the mass repression of class enemies during the Civil War. Great Purge: the destruction of the party, army and population by the security police in the late 1930s.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
When did Russia enter the First World War, and on whose behalf?
Model answer
Russia entered the war in August 1914 against Germany and Austria-Hungary, having mobilised in support of Serbia.
- 2
Name the two defeats suffered by Russian armies in East Prussia in 1914.
Model answer
Russian forces were destroyed at Tannenberg in August 1914 and again at the Masurian Lakes in September 1914.
- 3
What did Russia lose during the Great Retreat of 1915?
Model answer
Russian armies abandoned Poland, Lithuania and much of Latvia in 1915, and millions of refugees moved east into Russia proper.
- 4
Explain why conscription damaged Russian agriculture.
Model answer
Conscription took some fifteen million men, most of them peasants, off the land, and horses were requisitioned for the army at the same time.
- 5
Why could Russian industry not supply the army properly?
Model answer
Russian industry was too small and too badly organised for a long war, and the closure of the Baltic and the Turkish Straits cut Russia off from Allied supplies.
- 6
What happened to prices in Russian cities during the war?
Model answer
Prices rose roughly fourfold between 1914 and 1917 while wages lagged well behind, because the government paid for the war by printing money.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Russia 1914–41 revision questions
- Is Russia 1914–41 examined at AS in CCEA History?
- Yes. It sits in AS Unit 2, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does Russia 1914–41 cover in CCEA AS-Level History?
- 15 subtopics: the impact of the first world war on russia, nicholas ii, the tsarina and rasputin, the february revolution and the abdication of the tsar, the provisional government, the petrograd soviet and dual authority, lenin, the april theses and the road to october, the october revolution and the consolidation of bolshevik power, the civil war and the bolshevik victory 1918–21, lenin's economic policies 1917–24, society and culture under lenin, the struggle to succeed lenin 1924–29, collectivisation and the peasantry, industrialisation and the five year plans, the social impact of stalin's economic policies, terror and the purges 1934–39 and culture, propaganda and the cult of personality. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Russia 1914–41 organised?
- By the CCEA 4010 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Russia 1914–41, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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