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CCEA AS-Level History 4010
England 1509–58AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Church in England on the eve of the ReformationCriticism of the Church and the early reformersHenry VIII, Catherine of Aragon and the case for annulmentThe struggle for the divorce and the men who shaped itThe Reformation Parliament and the break with RomeOpposition to religious changeThe dissolution of the monasteriesThe Pilgrimage of GraceGovernment under Somerset and NorthumberlandRebellion in 1549: the Western Rising and Kett's rebellionMary I, female monarchy and the succession crisesWyatt's rebellionThe Edwardian religious reforms 1547–53The Marian restoration and the persecutionsEconomic and social problems of the period
England 1603–49AS Unit 1
Topic overviewJames I's Elizabethan inheritanceJames I, the Church of England and the PuritansJames I, the Catholics and the Gunpowder PlotThe financial problems of James IThe foreign policy of James IRoyal favourites and the politics of the courtCharles I, war and Parliament 1625–29The decision to rule without ParliamentFinancing the Personal RuleLaudianism and religious reform in the 1630sThe court culture of Charles IScotland, Ireland and the collapse of the Personal RuleThe Long Parliament and the outbreak of war 1640–42The campaigns and battles of the Civil WarWhy Parliament won the Civil WarThe search for a settlement 1646–49Radicalism, the Levellers and the ArmyThe regicide and the birth of the Commonwealth
Britain in the Age of Reform 1830–80AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe case for and against parliamentary reformThe passing of the Reform Act 1830–32The terms and consequences of the Reform ActThe Whig reforms of the 1830s and the impulse behind themThe New Poor Law of 1834The rise of ChartismThe People's Charter, Lovett and O'ConnorChartist methods and the reasons for failureThe Anti-Corn Law LeaguePeel and the making of the Conservative PartyPeel's ministry 1841–46The repeal of the Corn Laws and the split of 1846Disraeli and Tory DemocracyThe Second Reform Act of 1867Disraeli's ministry 1874–80Gladstone from Peelite to LiberalGladstone's first ministry 1868–74Gladstone and Disraeli as leaders
Italy and Germany 1815–71AS Unit 1
Topic overviewGerman nationalism, liberalism and cultural revival 1815–48Economic change, the Zollverein and Prussian prosperityThe 1848 revolutions in the German statesThe Frankfurt Parliament and the reasons for its failureOlmütz, army reform and the Prussian constitutional crisisBismarck's aims, methods and the debate about his roleSchleswig-Holstein and the Austro-Prussian WarThe North German Confederation and the southern German statesThe Franco-Prussian War and the proclamation of the German EmpireThe international climate and why Germany was unifiedItalian nationalism, culture and the ideas of the RisorgimentoThe 1848–49 revolutions in Italy and their failurePiedmont, Cavour's reforms and the war of 1859Garibaldi, the Thousand and his relations with CavourThe Papal States, Rome and why Italy was unified
Germany 1919–45AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Weimar Constitution and the Treaty of VersaillesPolitical threats from left and right 1919–23Reparations, the Ruhr and the hyperinflation of 1923The Weimar economy 1924–29Stresemann's foreign policy and the 'golden years'The Nazi Party from the Munich putsch to 1929The Wall Street Crash and the end of parliamentary governmentThe Nazi electoral breakthrough and Hitler's appointment as ChancellorThe creation of the Nazi dictatorship 1933–34Anti-Semitism and persecution 1933–39Youth, women and the churches 1933–39Schacht, Göring and the Nazi economy 1933–39Culture, the arts and the media in the Third ReichThe war economy: Todt, Speer and total warThe home front: rationing, bombing, labour and moraleOpposition and resistance in wartimeThe Holocaust: ghettos, Barbarossa, Wannsee and genocide
Spain and Europe 1556–98AS Unit 2
Topic overviewSpain in 1556 and the legacy of Charles VPhilip II's kingship and working methodsConciliar government, faction and the Pérez affairThe revolts of the Moriscos and of AragonThe Spanish economy in 1556 and the king's revenuesAgriculture, industry and commerce 1556–98Bullion, debt, inflation and the royal bankruptciesThe Spanish Church, Tridentine reform and the papacyThe Inquisition, Conversos, Jews and ProtestantsThe Spanish Empire and the aims of Philip II's foreign policyFrance, from Cateau-Cambrésis to VervinsThe Mediterranean war with the Turks and the annexation of PortugalThe Netherlands and the Dutch RevoltEngland, the sea dogs and the ArmadaPhilip II's Spain in 1598
The Ascendancy of France in Europe 1660–1714AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe foundations of French power under Louis XIVThe War of Devolution 1667–68The Dutch War 1672–78 and the Treaties of NijmegenThe Reunions and the Truce of RatisbonThe League of Augsburg and the alarm of EuropeThe Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the quarrel with RomeThe Cologne incident and the outbreak of the Nine Years' WarFrench successes in the Nine Years' WarAllied successes and the stalemate of the Nine Years' WarThe Peace of Ryswick 1697The Partition Treaties and the Spanish succession problemLouis XIV's acceptance of the will and the road to warMarlborough and the great battles of the warWhy the Grand Alliance won and France failedUtrecht, Rastatt and Europe after 1714
Ireland 1823–67AS Unit 2
Topic overviewO'Connell and the Catholic AssociationThe Clare election and Catholic EmancipationThe impact of Emancipation and the Tithe WarThe Lichfield House CompactThe Repeal Association and the monster meetingsClontarf and the failure of RepealPeel's Irish reformsYoung Ireland and the split with O'ConnellThe rising of 1848The long-term causes of the FamineThe course and extent of the FaminePeel, Russell and famine relief 1845–49The consequences of the Famine to 1867The origins, leadership and aims of the FeniansThe Fenian Rising of 1867
France 1815–70AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe restoration of the Bourbons and the Charter of 1814Louis XVIII: the White Terror, moderation and the turn to the rightCharles X, the ultras and the ChurchEconomy, society and culture in France 1815–48The July revolution of 1830 and the fall of Charles XLouis Philippe, Guizot and the bourgeois monarchyOpposition to Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe's foreign policyThe banquet campaign and the February revolution of 1848The Second Republic: the National Workshops and the June DaysThe presidency of Louis Napoleon 1848–51The coup of 1851 and the making of the Second EmpireThe authoritarian Empire and its liberalisationEconomic modernisation, Haussmann's Paris and social changeNapoleon III's foreign policy and the collapse of 1870
Russia 1914–41AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe impact of the First World War on RussiaNicholas II, the Tsarina and RasputinThe February Revolution and the abdication of the TsarThe Provisional Government, the Petrograd Soviet and dual authorityLenin, the April Theses and the road to OctoberThe October Revolution and the consolidation of Bolshevik powerThe Civil War and the Bolshevik victory 1918–21Lenin's economic policies 1917–24Society and culture under LeninThe struggle to succeed Lenin 1924–29Collectivisation and the peasantryIndustrialisation and the Five Year PlansThe social impact of Stalin's economic policiesTerror and the purges 1934–39Culture, propaganda and the cult of personality
Italy's Quest for Great Power Status 1871–1943AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe aims and challenges of Italian foreign policy after 1871Colonisation in Africa: Tunisia, Eritrea, Abyssinia and LibyaThe Triple Alliance and relations with the Great PowersGiolitti and Italy's internal divisionsFrom neutrality to intervention 1914–15Italy's war 1915–18 and its impact at homeThe mutilated victory, the peace settlement and FiumeThe crisis of the Liberal state and the Biennio RossoThe rise of the Fascist movement 1919–22The March on Rome and Mussolini's appointmentThe consolidation of Fascist power 1922–26The aims of Fascist foreign policy and the years 1922–34Abyssinia and the Spanish Civil WarItaly, Germany and the road to war 1935–40Defeat and the fall of Mussolini 1940–43
Italy and Germany 1815–71
- 15 subtopics
- 45 things to know
- AS Unit 1
- AS Unit 1, one option of five
What Italy and Germany 1815–71 covers
Italy and Germany 1815–71 is examined in Unit AS 1, Historical Investigations and Interpretations — the option chosen from five. It covers German nationalism, liberalism and cultural revival 1815–48, economic change, the Zollverein and Prussian prosperity, the 1848 revolutions in the German states, the Frankfurt Parliament and the reasons for its failure, Olmütz, army reform and the Prussian constitutional crisis, Bismarck's aims, methods and the debate about his role, Schleswig-Holstein and the Austro-Prussian War, the North German Confederation and the southern German states, the Franco-Prussian War and the proclamation of the German Empire, the international climate and why Germany was unified, Italian nationalism, culture and the ideas of the Risorgimento, the 1848–49 revolutions in Italy and their failure, Piedmont, Cavour's reforms and the war of 1859, Garibaldi, the Thousand and his relations with Cavour and the Papal States, Rome and why Italy was unified.
Where it is assessed
AS Unit 1
Historical Investigations and Interpretations, one option of five.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 15 subtopics
Each one has its own page. CCEA AS History students sit this topic in the first year.
- German nationalism, liberalism and cultural revival 1815–48Measures imposed by the Carlsbad Decrees and fichte's contribution to German national feeling.Open →
- Economic change, the Zollverein and Prussian prosperityWhy Prussia rather than Austria led German economic integration, friedrich List and outline his argument and two firms that symbolised Prussian industrial power.Open →
- The 1848 revolutions in the German statesMarch demands and hecker and Struve.Open →
- The Frankfurt Parliament and the reasons for its failureThe Vorparlament and the election of the assembly, the Grossdeutsch and Kleindeutsch question, and the offer of the crown to Frederick William IV.Open →
- Olmütz, army reform and the Prussian constitutional crisisErfurt Union, roon's proposed army reforms and bismarck's gap theory.Open →
- Bismarck's aims, methods and the debate about his roleBismarck's background before he took office, bismarck's fundamental aim and master planner interpretation of Bismarck.Open →
- Schleswig-Holstein and the Austro-Prussian WarThe Danish war of 1864, the Convention of Gastein, Königgrätz and the Treaty of Prague.Open →
- The North German Confederation and the southern German statesNorth German Confederation and four German states left outside the Confederation.Open →
- The Franco-Prussian War and the proclamation of the German EmpireThe Hohenzollern candidature and the Ems telegram, Sedan, the siege of Paris and the ceremony at Versailles.Open →
- The international climate and why Germany was unifiedBritain's attitude to German unification, napoleon III's chief miscalculations and argument that the Prussian army was the decisive factor.Open →
- Italian nationalism, culture and the ideas of the RisorgimentoYoung Italy and mazzini's real contribution to the Risorgimento.Open →
- The 1848–49 revolutions in Italy and their failureThe Statuto, the Roman republic and the war with Austria from Custoza to Novara.Open →
- Piedmont, Cavour's reforms and the war of 1859Politician was Cavour, what the Siccardi Laws did and cavour's economic policy.Open →
- Garibaldi, the Thousand and his relations with CavourSailing of the Thousand and cavour's public and private attitude to the expedition.Open →
- The Papal States, Rome and why Italy was unifiedThe Roman question after 1861, Venetia in 1866, the capture of Rome in 1870 and the weight of the factors behind unification.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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Why was the Hambach Festival of 1832 significant?
Key term
Explain what limited the appeal of German nationalism before 1848.
Key term
How did the aims of liberals and artisans differ in 1848?
Key term
What is the case against seeing Bismarck as a master planner?
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Why did Bismarck's relations with the Prussian liberals change after 1866?
Key term
In what sense was Bismarck's achievement a conquest rather than a unification?
Key term
Why did Prussia win so quickly in 1866?
Key term
What was settled by the Treaty of Prague in August 1866?
Evaluation
Explain the argument that the Prussian army was the decisive factor.
Key term
Describe how Italy was divided by the Vienna settlement of 1815.
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What happened in the risings of 1820–21 and 1831?
Key term
Summarise Mazzini's vision for Italy.
Key term
Describe Cavour's economic policy.
Key term
What did the armistice of Villafranca provide?
Key term
Describe Cavour's counter-move of September 1860.
Evaluation
How important was Cavour to Italian unification?
Evaluation
How far was unification the work of the Italian people?
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State when the Zollverein came into force and how large it was.
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Why is the Frankfurt Parliament often called a parliament of professors?
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Describe the Erfurt Union.
Key term
How was the Bundesrat weighted?
Key term
Why did French opinion turn against Prussia after 1866?
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Where did the revolutions of 1848 begin?
Key term
Which great German power was left outside the Zollverein?
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Outline the economic conditions that preceded the revolutions of 1848.
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How did the Schleswig-Holstein question expose the assembly's weakness?
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How did Austria answer the Erfurt Union?
Key term
Name the four German states left outside the Confederation.
Key term
What compensation did Napoleon III seek after 1866?
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How did the Crimean War change the European situation for Prussia?
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Define the Statuto.
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Outline the experience Garibaldi had gained before 1860.
Key term
Explain why Prussia rather than Austria led German economic integration.
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Why were German artisans discontented before 1848?
Key term
What happened in Frankfurt in September 1848?
Key term
What was agreed at Olmütz in November 1850?
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What provoked the crisis of 1863?
Key term
Why were the southern states reluctant to join Prussia?
Key term
How did Bismarck use Benedetti's draft treaty in 1870?
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Explain Britain's attitude to German unification.
Key term
What happened in Venice in March 1848?
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Why did Piedmont become the focus of national hopes after 1849?
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What gave Garibaldi his opening in Sicily?
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What was proclaimed on 17 March 1861?
Take Italy and Germany 1815–71 further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
The German Confederation vs The Zollverein
The German Confederation: the political league of princes presided over by Austria. The Zollverein: the customs area led by Prussia from which Austria was shut out.
The Frankfurt Parliament vs The Federal Diet
The Frankfurt Parliament: the elected national assembly of 1848–49 that drafted a constitution. The Federal Diet: the standing congress of ambassadors instructed by their governments.
Plombières vs Villafranca
Plombières: the secret bargain that promised French troops for Nice and Savoy. Villafranca: the armistice that broke the bargain and left Venetia Austrian.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What did the Congress of Vienna create in place of the Holy Roman Empire?
Model answer
The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 states whose Diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian presidency.
- 2
Why did the German Confederation frustrate nationalists?
Model answer
The Confederation was a defensive league of sovereign princes with no common army, currency or citizenship, and Austria used its presidency to block any move towards a national state.
- 3
Explain what German liberals wanted before 1848.
Model answer
German liberals wanted written constitutions, elected parliaments, freedom of the press, trial by jury and careers open to talent, usually within a monarchy rather than a republic.
- 4
Describe the Burschenschaften.
Model answer
The Burschenschaften were student fraternities, the first founded at Jena in 1815, which promoted German unity and liberal reform.
- 5
Describe what happened at the Wartburg Festival of 1817.
Model answer
Students gathered at the Wartburg in October 1817 to mark the tercentenary of Luther's protest and the victory at Leipzig, and burned reactionary books and symbols of the old order.
- 6
What gave Metternich the pretext for the Carlsbad Decrees?
Model answer
The student Karl Sand murdered the conservative writer August von Kotzebue in March 1819, and Metternich used the killing to prove that the universities were breeding revolution.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Italy and Germany 1815–71 revision questions
- Is Italy and Germany 1815–71 examined at AS in CCEA History?
- Yes. It sits in AS Unit 1, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does Italy and Germany 1815–71 cover in CCEA AS-Level History?
- 15 subtopics: german nationalism, liberalism and cultural revival 1815–48, economic change, the zollverein and prussian prosperity, the 1848 revolutions in the german states, the frankfurt parliament and the reasons for its failure, olmütz, army reform and the prussian constitutional crisis, bismarck's aims, methods and the debate about his role, schleswig-holstein and the austro-prussian war, the north german confederation and the southern german states, the franco-prussian war and the proclamation of the german empire, the international climate and why germany was unified, italian nationalism, culture and the ideas of the risorgimento, the 1848–49 revolutions in italy and their failure, piedmont, cavour's reforms and the war of 1859, garibaldi, the thousand and his relations with cavour and the papal states, rome and why italy was unified. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Italy and Germany 1815–71 organised?
- By the CCEA 4010 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Italy and Germany 1815–71, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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