Numbers
AQA A-Level Physics 7408
Measurements and Their Errors
Particles and Radiation
Topic overviewConstituents of the atomStable and unstable nucleiParticles, antiparticles and photonsParticle interactionsClassification of particlesQuarks and antiquarksApplications of conservation lawsThe photoelectric effectCollisions of electrons with atomsEnergy levels and photon emissionWave-particle duality
Waves
Mechanics and Materials
Electricity
Further Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Fields and Their Consequences
Topic overviewFieldsNewton's lawGravitational field strengthGravitational potentialOrbits of planets and satellitesCoulomb's lawElectric field strengthElectric potentialCapacitanceParallel plate capacitorEnergy stored by a capacitorCapacitor charge and dischargeMagnetic flux densityMoving charges in a magnetic fieldMagnetic flux and flux linkageElectromagnetic inductionAlternating currentsTransformers
Nuclear Physics
AstrophysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewAstronomical telescope consisting of two converging lensesReflecting telescopesSingle dish radio telescopes, I-R, U-V and X-ray telescopesAdvantages of large diameter telescopesClassification by luminosityAbsolute magnitude, MClassification by temperature, black-body radiationPrinciples of the use of stellar spectral classesThe Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagramSupernovae, neutron stars and black holesDoppler effectHubble's lawQuasarsDetection of exoplanets
Medical PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewPhysics of visionDefects of vision and their correction using lensesEar as a sound detection systemSensitivity and frequency responseDefects of hearingSimple ECG machines and the normal ECG waveformUltrasound imagingFibre optics and endoscopyMagnetic resonance (MR) scannerThe physics of diagnostic X-raysImage detection and enhancementAbsorption of X-raysCT scannerImaging techniquesHalf-lifeGamma cameraUse of high-energy X-raysUse of radioactive implantsImaging comparisons
Engineering PhysicsOptional topic
Turning Points in PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewCathode raysThermionic emission of electronsSpecific charge of the electronPrinciple of Millikan's determination of the electronic charge, eNewton's corpuscular theory of lightSignificance of Young's double slits experimentElectromagnetic wavesThe discovery of photoelectricityWave–particle dualityElectron microscopesThe Michelson-Morley experimentEinstein's theory of special relativityTime dilationLength contractionRelativistic mass and energy
ElectronicsOptional topic
Topic overviewMOSFET (metal-oxide semiconducting field-effect transistor)Zener diodePhotodiodeHall effect sensorDifference between analogue and digital signalsLC resonance filtersThe ideal operational amplifierInverting amplifier configurationNon-inverting amplifier configurationSumming amplifier configurationReal operational amplifiersCombinational logicSequential logicAstablesPrinciples of communication systemsTransmission mediaTime-division multiplexingAmplitude (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) techniques
Engineering Physics
First law of thermodynamics
- 5 things to know
- Paper 3, section B
Overview
Q = ΔU + W, the sign conventions, and isothermal and adiabatic changes.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
What do W and ΔU represent, and which wider principle does the first law apply?
Numbers
What sign does W take when a gas expands, and when it is compressed?
Numbers
What is the first law rearranged for ΔU, and what sign does Q take when a system gains, then loses, energy by heating?
Numbers
What happens to internal energy in an isothermal change, and what defines an adiabatic one?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
State the first law of thermodynamics in words.
Model answer
The energy transferred to a system by heating equals the increase in internal energy plus the work done by the system.
- 2
Write the equation that expresses the first law of thermodynamics.
Model answer
Q = ΔU + W
- 3
In the first law equation Q = ΔU + W, what does Q represent?
Model answer
The energy transferred to the system by heating.
- 4
What quantity does ΔU represent in the first law of thermodynamics?
Model answer
The increase in internal energy of the system.
- 5
In the equation Q = ΔU + W, what does W represent?
Model answer
The work done by the system on its surroundings.
- 6
The first law of thermodynamics is a specific application of which fundamental principle?
Model answer
Conservation of energy applied to thermal processes.
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