Numbers
AQA A-Level Physics 7408
Measurements and Their Errors
Particles and Radiation
Topic overviewConstituents of the atomStable and unstable nucleiParticles, antiparticles and photonsParticle interactionsClassification of particlesQuarks and antiquarksApplications of conservation lawsThe photoelectric effectCollisions of electrons with atomsEnergy levels and photon emissionWave-particle duality
Waves
Mechanics and Materials
Electricity
Further Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Fields and Their Consequences
Topic overviewFieldsNewton's lawGravitational field strengthGravitational potentialOrbits of planets and satellitesCoulomb's lawElectric field strengthElectric potentialCapacitanceParallel plate capacitorEnergy stored by a capacitorCapacitor charge and dischargeMagnetic flux densityMoving charges in a magnetic fieldMagnetic flux and flux linkageElectromagnetic inductionAlternating currentsTransformers
Nuclear Physics
AstrophysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewAstronomical telescope consisting of two converging lensesReflecting telescopesSingle dish radio telescopes, I-R, U-V and X-ray telescopesAdvantages of large diameter telescopesClassification by luminosityAbsolute magnitude, MClassification by temperature, black-body radiationPrinciples of the use of stellar spectral classesThe Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagramSupernovae, neutron stars and black holesDoppler effectHubble's lawQuasarsDetection of exoplanets
Medical PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewPhysics of visionDefects of vision and their correction using lensesEar as a sound detection systemSensitivity and frequency responseDefects of hearingSimple ECG machines and the normal ECG waveformUltrasound imagingFibre optics and endoscopyMagnetic resonance (MR) scannerThe physics of diagnostic X-raysImage detection and enhancementAbsorption of X-raysCT scannerImaging techniquesHalf-lifeGamma cameraUse of high-energy X-raysUse of radioactive implantsImaging comparisons
Engineering PhysicsOptional topic
Turning Points in PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewCathode raysThermionic emission of electronsSpecific charge of the electronPrinciple of Millikan's determination of the electronic charge, eNewton's corpuscular theory of lightSignificance of Young's double slits experimentElectromagnetic wavesThe discovery of photoelectricityWave–particle dualityElectron microscopesThe Michelson-Morley experimentEinstein's theory of special relativityTime dilationLength contractionRelativistic mass and energy
ElectronicsOptional topic
Topic overviewMOSFET (metal-oxide semiconducting field-effect transistor)Zener diodePhotodiodeHall effect sensorDifference between analogue and digital signalsLC resonance filtersThe ideal operational amplifierInverting amplifier configurationNon-inverting amplifier configurationSumming amplifier configurationReal operational amplifiersCombinational logicSequential logicAstablesPrinciples of communication systemsTransmission mediaTime-division multiplexingAmplitude (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) techniques
Fields and Their Consequences
Gravitational potential
- 4 things to know
- Papers 2 and 3
Overview
Potential and potential difference, equipotential surfaces, and the graphs of g and V against r.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
What is gravitational potential at distance r, and what are equipotential surfaces?
Numbers
What do the graphs of field strength and of potential against distance look like?
Numbers
How is gravitational field strength related to the gradient of gravitational potential?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Define gravitational potential at a point.
Model answer
Gravitational potential at a point is the work done per unit mass in bringing a small test mass from infinity to that point.
- 2
What is the value of gravitational potential at infinity?
Model answer
Zero.
- 3
Why is infinity chosen as the reference point where gravitational potential equals zero?
Model answer
At infinity, a test mass is so far from all other masses that there is no gravitational interaction, making it a convenient universal reference point.
- 4
Define gravitational potential difference.
Model answer
Gravitational potential difference is the difference in gravitational potential between two points in a gravitational field.
- 5
State the formula for the work done in moving a mass m through a gravitational potential difference ΔV.
Model answer
ΔW = mΔV
- 6
In the equation ΔW = mΔV, what does each symbol represent?
Model answer
ΔW is the work done, m is the mass being moved, and ΔV is the gravitational potential difference between the two points.
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