Numbers
AQA A-Level Physics 7408
Measurements and Their Errors
Particles and Radiation
Topic overviewConstituents of the atomStable and unstable nucleiParticles, antiparticles and photonsParticle interactionsClassification of particlesQuarks and antiquarksApplications of conservation lawsThe photoelectric effectCollisions of electrons with atomsEnergy levels and photon emissionWave-particle duality
Waves
Mechanics and Materials
Electricity
Further Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Fields and Their Consequences
Topic overviewFieldsNewton's lawGravitational field strengthGravitational potentialOrbits of planets and satellitesCoulomb's lawElectric field strengthElectric potentialCapacitanceParallel plate capacitorEnergy stored by a capacitorCapacitor charge and dischargeMagnetic flux densityMoving charges in a magnetic fieldMagnetic flux and flux linkageElectromagnetic inductionAlternating currentsTransformers
Nuclear Physics
AstrophysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewAstronomical telescope consisting of two converging lensesReflecting telescopesSingle dish radio telescopes, I-R, U-V and X-ray telescopesAdvantages of large diameter telescopesClassification by luminosityAbsolute magnitude, MClassification by temperature, black-body radiationPrinciples of the use of stellar spectral classesThe Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagramSupernovae, neutron stars and black holesDoppler effectHubble's lawQuasarsDetection of exoplanets
Medical PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewPhysics of visionDefects of vision and their correction using lensesEar as a sound detection systemSensitivity and frequency responseDefects of hearingSimple ECG machines and the normal ECG waveformUltrasound imagingFibre optics and endoscopyMagnetic resonance (MR) scannerThe physics of diagnostic X-raysImage detection and enhancementAbsorption of X-raysCT scannerImaging techniquesHalf-lifeGamma cameraUse of high-energy X-raysUse of radioactive implantsImaging comparisons
Engineering PhysicsOptional topic
Turning Points in PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewCathode raysThermionic emission of electronsSpecific charge of the electronPrinciple of Millikan's determination of the electronic charge, eNewton's corpuscular theory of lightSignificance of Young's double slits experimentElectromagnetic wavesThe discovery of photoelectricityWave–particle dualityElectron microscopesThe Michelson-Morley experimentEinstein's theory of special relativityTime dilationLength contractionRelativistic mass and energy
ElectronicsOptional topic
Topic overviewMOSFET (metal-oxide semiconducting field-effect transistor)Zener diodePhotodiodeHall effect sensorDifference between analogue and digital signalsLC resonance filtersThe ideal operational amplifierInverting amplifier configurationNon-inverting amplifier configurationSumming amplifier configurationReal operational amplifiersCombinational logicSequential logicAstablesPrinciples of communication systemsTransmission mediaTime-division multiplexingAmplitude (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) techniques
Mechanics and Materials
Bulk properties of solids
- 7 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
Overview
Density, Hooke's law, the spring constant, stress, strain, elastic strain energy and stress-strain curves.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
What is the spring constant, and how does it relate to stiffness?
Numbers
What is tensile stress, and how is it calculated?
Numbers
What is tensile strain, and why does it have no units?
Numbers
How is elastic strain energy calculated, and when does E = ½FΔL apply?
Numbers
What does a stress-strain curve show, and what does its linear gradient give?
Numbers
Why does energy absorption matter in vehicle design?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
How is density defined?
Model answer
Density is defined as mass per unit volume.
- 2
State the formula used to calculate density and define each symbol.
Model answer
ρ = m/V, where ρ is density, m is mass, and V is volume.
- 3
Calculate the density when mass = 47.8 kg, volume = 0.0235 m³.
Model answer
Density = 47.8 ÷ 0.0235 = 2030 kg m⁻³.
- 4
What does Hooke's law state about the relationship between force and extension?
Model answer
The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
- 5
Define the elastic limit of a material.
Model answer
The elastic limit is the maximum force or extension beyond which a material no longer returns to its original length when the force is removed.
- 6
What happens to a spring if it is stretched beyond its elastic limit?
Model answer
The spring will not return to its original length when the force is removed; it becomes permanently deformed.
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