Numbers
AQA A-Level Physics 7408
Measurements and Their Errors
Particles and Radiation
Topic overviewConstituents of the atomStable and unstable nucleiParticles, antiparticles and photonsParticle interactionsClassification of particlesQuarks and antiquarksApplications of conservation lawsThe photoelectric effectCollisions of electrons with atomsEnergy levels and photon emissionWave-particle duality
Waves
Mechanics and Materials
Electricity
Further Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Fields and Their Consequences
Topic overviewFieldsNewton's lawGravitational field strengthGravitational potentialOrbits of planets and satellitesCoulomb's lawElectric field strengthElectric potentialCapacitanceParallel plate capacitorEnergy stored by a capacitorCapacitor charge and dischargeMagnetic flux densityMoving charges in a magnetic fieldMagnetic flux and flux linkageElectromagnetic inductionAlternating currentsTransformers
Nuclear Physics
AstrophysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewAstronomical telescope consisting of two converging lensesReflecting telescopesSingle dish radio telescopes, I-R, U-V and X-ray telescopesAdvantages of large diameter telescopesClassification by luminosityAbsolute magnitude, MClassification by temperature, black-body radiationPrinciples of the use of stellar spectral classesThe Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagramSupernovae, neutron stars and black holesDoppler effectHubble's lawQuasarsDetection of exoplanets
Medical PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewPhysics of visionDefects of vision and their correction using lensesEar as a sound detection systemSensitivity and frequency responseDefects of hearingSimple ECG machines and the normal ECG waveformUltrasound imagingFibre optics and endoscopyMagnetic resonance (MR) scannerThe physics of diagnostic X-raysImage detection and enhancementAbsorption of X-raysCT scannerImaging techniquesHalf-lifeGamma cameraUse of high-energy X-raysUse of radioactive implantsImaging comparisons
Engineering PhysicsOptional topic
Turning Points in PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewCathode raysThermionic emission of electronsSpecific charge of the electronPrinciple of Millikan's determination of the electronic charge, eNewton's corpuscular theory of lightSignificance of Young's double slits experimentElectromagnetic wavesThe discovery of photoelectricityWave–particle dualityElectron microscopesThe Michelson-Morley experimentEinstein's theory of special relativityTime dilationLength contractionRelativistic mass and energy
ElectronicsOptional topic
Topic overviewMOSFET (metal-oxide semiconducting field-effect transistor)Zener diodePhotodiodeHall effect sensorDifference between analogue and digital signalsLC resonance filtersThe ideal operational amplifierInverting amplifier configurationNon-inverting amplifier configurationSumming amplifier configurationReal operational amplifiersCombinational logicSequential logicAstablesPrinciples of communication systemsTransmission mediaTime-division multiplexingAmplitude (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) techniques
Particles and Radiation
Collisions of electrons with atoms
- 3 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
Overview
Excitation and ionisation, the electron volt, and how a fluorescent tube works.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
What is the electron volt, and how does a fluorescent tube produce visible light?
Key term
What condition must the kinetic energy of a colliding electron satisfy for excitation of an atomic electron to occur?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is ionisation?
Model answer
Ionisation is the process where an electron is removed completely from an atom, requiring energy equal to or greater than the ionisation energy.
- 2
Define excitation in the context of atomic electrons.
Model answer
Excitation is the process where an electron absorbs energy and moves to a higher energy level within the atom, without being removed.
- 3
In a fluorescent tube, how are free electrons given kinetic energy before they collide with gas atoms?
Model answer
Free electrons are accelerated by a potential difference applied across the tube.
- 4
What type of atoms do the accelerated electrons collide with inside a fluorescent tube?
Model answer
Mercury atoms.
- 5
What happens to the electrons in mercury atoms when they are struck by accelerated free electrons in a fluorescent tube?
Model answer
The mercury electrons are excited to higher energy levels.
- 6
What type of electromagnetic radiation is emitted when excited mercury electrons return to lower energy levels?
Model answer
Ultraviolet photons.
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