Numbers
AQA A-Level Physics 7408
Measurements and Their Errors
Particles and Radiation
Topic overviewConstituents of the atomStable and unstable nucleiParticles, antiparticles and photonsParticle interactionsClassification of particlesQuarks and antiquarksApplications of conservation lawsThe photoelectric effectCollisions of electrons with atomsEnergy levels and photon emissionWave-particle duality
Waves
Mechanics and Materials
Electricity
Further Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Fields and Their Consequences
Topic overviewFieldsNewton's lawGravitational field strengthGravitational potentialOrbits of planets and satellitesCoulomb's lawElectric field strengthElectric potentialCapacitanceParallel plate capacitorEnergy stored by a capacitorCapacitor charge and dischargeMagnetic flux densityMoving charges in a magnetic fieldMagnetic flux and flux linkageElectromagnetic inductionAlternating currentsTransformers
Nuclear Physics
AstrophysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewAstronomical telescope consisting of two converging lensesReflecting telescopesSingle dish radio telescopes, I-R, U-V and X-ray telescopesAdvantages of large diameter telescopesClassification by luminosityAbsolute magnitude, MClassification by temperature, black-body radiationPrinciples of the use of stellar spectral classesThe Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagramSupernovae, neutron stars and black holesDoppler effectHubble's lawQuasarsDetection of exoplanets
Medical PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewPhysics of visionDefects of vision and their correction using lensesEar as a sound detection systemSensitivity and frequency responseDefects of hearingSimple ECG machines and the normal ECG waveformUltrasound imagingFibre optics and endoscopyMagnetic resonance (MR) scannerThe physics of diagnostic X-raysImage detection and enhancementAbsorption of X-raysCT scannerImaging techniquesHalf-lifeGamma cameraUse of high-energy X-raysUse of radioactive implantsImaging comparisons
Engineering PhysicsOptional topic
Turning Points in PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewCathode raysThermionic emission of electronsSpecific charge of the electronPrinciple of Millikan's determination of the electronic charge, eNewton's corpuscular theory of lightSignificance of Young's double slits experimentElectromagnetic wavesThe discovery of photoelectricityWave–particle dualityElectron microscopesThe Michelson-Morley experimentEinstein's theory of special relativityTime dilationLength contractionRelativistic mass and energy
ElectronicsOptional topic
Topic overviewMOSFET (metal-oxide semiconducting field-effect transistor)Zener diodePhotodiodeHall effect sensorDifference between analogue and digital signalsLC resonance filtersThe ideal operational amplifierInverting amplifier configurationNon-inverting amplifier configurationSumming amplifier configurationReal operational amplifiersCombinational logicSequential logicAstablesPrinciples of communication systemsTransmission mediaTime-division multiplexingAmplitude (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) techniques
Particles and Radiation
Stable and unstable nuclei
- 5 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
Overview
The strong nuclear force and why some nuclei are unstable, alpha and beta-minus decay and their equations, why the antineutrino had to be proposed to explain the spread of beta energies, and investigating the range of radiation.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
What is a femtometre, and what evidence led to proposing the neutrino?
Numbers
What happens to an unstable nucleus during alpha decay?
Process
What happens to the mass number during beta-minus decay?
Process
Name three methods that can be used to demonstrate the range of alpha particles in air
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the fundamental force that holds nucleons together in the nucleus, overcoming the electrostatic repulsion between protons?
Model answer
The strong nuclear force.
- 2
Why is the strong nuclear force necessary for nuclear stability?
Model answer
It overcomes the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons, binding nucleons together in the nucleus.
- 3
Up to what approximate separation does the strong nuclear force act as an attractive force?
Model answer
Up to approximately 3 fm.
- 4
At what separation does the strong nuclear force become repulsive?
Model answer
At separations closer than approximately 0.5 fm.
- 5
Describe the nature of the strong nuclear force at very short range (below 0.5 fm).
Model answer
It becomes a very-short range repulsion.
- 6
Over what range of separations is the strong nuclear force attractive?
Model answer
Between approximately 0.5 fm and 3 fm.
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