Numbers
AQA A-Level Physics 7408
Measurements and Their Errors
Particles and Radiation
Topic overviewConstituents of the atomStable and unstable nucleiParticles, antiparticles and photonsParticle interactionsClassification of particlesQuarks and antiquarksApplications of conservation lawsThe photoelectric effectCollisions of electrons with atomsEnergy levels and photon emissionWave-particle duality
Waves
Mechanics and Materials
Electricity
Further Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Fields and Their Consequences
Topic overviewFieldsNewton's lawGravitational field strengthGravitational potentialOrbits of planets and satellitesCoulomb's lawElectric field strengthElectric potentialCapacitanceParallel plate capacitorEnergy stored by a capacitorCapacitor charge and dischargeMagnetic flux densityMoving charges in a magnetic fieldMagnetic flux and flux linkageElectromagnetic inductionAlternating currentsTransformers
Nuclear Physics
AstrophysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewAstronomical telescope consisting of two converging lensesReflecting telescopesSingle dish radio telescopes, I-R, U-V and X-ray telescopesAdvantages of large diameter telescopesClassification by luminosityAbsolute magnitude, MClassification by temperature, black-body radiationPrinciples of the use of stellar spectral classesThe Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagramSupernovae, neutron stars and black holesDoppler effectHubble's lawQuasarsDetection of exoplanets
Medical PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewPhysics of visionDefects of vision and their correction using lensesEar as a sound detection systemSensitivity and frequency responseDefects of hearingSimple ECG machines and the normal ECG waveformUltrasound imagingFibre optics and endoscopyMagnetic resonance (MR) scannerThe physics of diagnostic X-raysImage detection and enhancementAbsorption of X-raysCT scannerImaging techniquesHalf-lifeGamma cameraUse of high-energy X-raysUse of radioactive implantsImaging comparisons
Engineering PhysicsOptional topic
Turning Points in PhysicsOptional topic
Topic overviewCathode raysThermionic emission of electronsSpecific charge of the electronPrinciple of Millikan's determination of the electronic charge, eNewton's corpuscular theory of lightSignificance of Young's double slits experimentElectromagnetic wavesThe discovery of photoelectricityWave–particle dualityElectron microscopesThe Michelson-Morley experimentEinstein's theory of special relativityTime dilationLength contractionRelativistic mass and energy
ElectronicsOptional topic
Topic overviewMOSFET (metal-oxide semiconducting field-effect transistor)Zener diodePhotodiodeHall effect sensorDifference between analogue and digital signalsLC resonance filtersThe ideal operational amplifierInverting amplifier configurationNon-inverting amplifier configurationSumming amplifier configurationReal operational amplifiersCombinational logicSequential logicAstablesPrinciples of communication systemsTransmission mediaTime-division multiplexingAmplitude (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) techniques
Nuclear Physics
Safety aspects
- 6 things to know
- Papers 2 and 3
Overview
Remote handling, shielding, emergency shut-down, and the storage of radioactive waste.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What do emergency shut-down systems do, and what roles does water play?
Numbers
Where does radioactive waste come from, and what triggers an emergency shut-down?
Numbers
What is vitrification, and what timescale governs long-term waste storage?
Key term
What is the intended permanent disposal solution for high-level radioactive waste?
Evaluation
What two factors must be weighed when assessing nuclear accident risk?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Why are nuclear fuel rods handled remotely rather than manually?
Model answer
To protect workers from radiation exposure during loading, unloading, and transfer operations
- 2
What equipment is used to physically manipulate fuel rods without direct human contact?
Model answer
Robotic arms and manipulators
- 3
How are operators protected while controlling the remote handling of fuel rods?
Model answer
Operators work behind shielded barriers
- 4
How do operators observe fuel rod handling operations when they cannot be physically present?
Model answer
Visual monitoring via cameras
- 5
What is the purpose of shielding in nuclear reactors?
Model answer
To absorb radiation and reduce exposure to personnel
- 6
What dual function does concrete serve in reactor shielding?
Model answer
It provides structural shielding and absorbs neutrons
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