Describe the shape and position of the total revenue line on a break-even chart.

It is a straight line starting at the origin and sloping upwards, because revenue is zero at zero output and rises in proportion to units sold.

Describe the fixed cost line on a break-even chart.

It is horizontal, meeting the vertical axis at the level of fixed costs, because fixed costs are the same at every level of output.

Where on a break-even chart is the break-even point found?

At the point where the total revenue line crosses the total cost line.

State two assumptions built into a break-even chart that may not hold in practice.

That the selling price stays the same however many units are sold, and that variable cost per unit is constant at every level of output.

OCR A-Level Business (H431) H431

Introduction to Business

Topic overview Entrepreneurs, enterprise and the value they create Land, labour, capital and enterprise Sectors of industry, forms of ownership and the reach of a market Sole traders, partnerships, companies and limited liability Choosing a legal structure and what it means for stakeholders Franchising and co-operatives The functions of a business and how they depend on each other Measuring the size of a business, and what limits its growth Joint ventures and strategic alliances

Business Objectives and Strategy

Topic overview Aims, objectives and the hierarchy that links them Setting SMART objectives Communicating and revising business objectives Stakeholders and their objectives Stakeholder conflict and its management Stakeholder power and influence Mission statements and business purpose Corporate social responsibility and the profit trade-off Building and judging a CSR profile Strategy, tactics and implementation The business plan and the Plan-Do-Review cycle Risk and reward Quantifiable and unquantifiable risk Uncertainty and its causes Opportunity cost in business decisions Contingency planning and crisis management Porter's Five Forces Porter's generic strategies and competitive advantage The purpose of performance measurement Financial measures of business performance Ratio analysis: profitability, liquidity and efficiency Non-financial measures of business performance Forecasting and its limits Qualitative forecasting methods Forecasting sales, costs, profit and cash flow Time series analysis and moving averages Correlation, extrapolation and index numbers The business decision-making process Decision trees and expected values Ansoff's matrix Conflicting results from decision-making tools Causes, types and barriers to change Change management models: Lewin, Kotter and 7-S Leading change and using external consultants

External Influences

Topic overview The market, its size, growth and share Market structures and a firm's decision-making power Demand, supply and their determinants Equilibrium, shortages and surpluses Market forces and the dynamic market Physical and non-physical markets Competition, and barriers to entry and exit Market dominance and how it is regulated Globalisation and the forces driving it Multinationals, global strategy and global brands International trade, its barriers and its practicalities Exchange rates and currency conversion Free trade, trading blocs and the European Union Emerging markets and the changing global environment Political factors and political stability The business cycle and key economic indicators Taxation, government spending and subsidies Monetary, fiscal and supply-side policy Social factors and changing consumer lifestyles Technology in business and technological change The digital revolution and the information age Business ethics and ethical trading Managing conflicts between ethical and other objectives Legislation, compliance and the cost of breaking it Environmental issues and environmental policy Sustainability in practice Reading the external environment and the cost of ignoring it

Accounting and Finance

Human Resources

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Marketing

Topic overview Marketing objectives and why a business sets them Marketing resources and SWOT analysis Primary market research and trial marketing Secondary market research and desk sources Sampling methods and sample reliability Normal distribution and standard deviation Market share and market growth Using market analysis to make decisions Consumer buying behaviour and the marketing models Niche marketing and mass marketing Customer orientation, product orientation and customer service Market segmentation Customers, consumers and business-to-business marketing The product life cycle and its stages Extension strategies The marketing mix and the marketing strategy Product, USP, branding and differentiation The Boston matrix, Ansoff's matrix and portfolio analysis Pricing strategies Price and income elasticity of demand Cross elasticity and advertising elasticity of demand Place and channels of distribution Promotion above the line, below the line and digital Service marketing and the extended marketing mix External influences on marketing

Operations Management

Topic overview Operations objectives and operations strategy Added value and how it is measured Innovation and research and development Job, batch, flow and cell production Specialisation and the division of labour Service provision and customer service Project management and Gantt charts Critical path analysis and network diagrams PERT and the limits of project planning Productivity and how to raise it Economies and diseconomies of scale Capacity utilisation and capacity management Stock control charts and reorder levels Reordering systems and the cost of holding stock Lean production, just in time and kanban Technology in operations Quality control, quality assurance and TQM External quality standards and benchmarking Choosing a location for a business Logistics and supply chain management Outsourcing, offshoring and re-shoring External influences on operations

Accounting and Finance

Break-even charts, stepped fixed costs and special orders

2 things to know
Components 01, 02 and 03

Overview

Recall questions on drawing and reading a break-even chart, including the revenue and fixed cost lines, break-even point, profit and margin of safety, the chart's assumptions, stepped fixed costs and their effect on break-even and profit, and financial and non-financial special order decisions.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What does the vertical gap between the total revenue and total cost lines represent to the right of the break-even point?

Key term

How is the margin of safety shown on a break-even chart?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Describe the shape and position of the total revenue line on a break-even chart.
Model answer
It is a straight line starting at the origin and sloping upwards, because revenue is zero at zero output and rises in proportion to units sold.
2
Describe the fixed cost line on a break-even chart.
Model answer
It is horizontal, meeting the vertical axis at the level of fixed costs, because fixed costs are the same at every level of output.
3
Where on a break-even chart is the break-even point found?
Model answer
At the point where the total revenue line crosses the total cost line.
4
What does the vertical gap between the total revenue and total cost lines represent to the right of the break-even point?
Model answer
The profit the business makes at that level of output.
5
How is the margin of safety shown on a break-even chart?
Model answer
As the horizontal distance along the output axis between the break-even output and the actual or forecast output.
6
State two assumptions built into a break-even chart that may not hold in practice.
Model answer
That the selling price stays the same however many units are sold, and that variable cost per unit is constant at every level of output.

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Introduction to Business

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External Influences

Accounting and Finance

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Revenue the cost of sales.

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