Key term
OCR GCSE Geography A J383
Ecosystems of the Planet
Topic overviewAbiotic and biotic components, and how ecosystems interactThe world’s biomes: where they are and what they are likeWhere the tropical rainforests are, and what they are likeWhere the coral reefs are, and what they are likeRainforest processes and nutrient cyclingTwo threatened ecosystems: a rainforest and a coral reef
Environmental Threats to Our Planet
Topic overviewClimate change through the Quaternary, and since 1000ADThe evidence for climate changeNatural causes of climate change, and the enhanced greenhouse effectThe consequences of climate changeThe world’s climatic regions and global atmospheric circulationHow global circulation produces extreme weatherTropical storms: causes, distribution and frequencyA drought caused by El Niño or La Niña
Fieldwork Skills
Geographical Skills
Topic overviewConstructing maps, and reading cross-sections and transectsCoordinates, scale, distance and reading information from a mapGradient, contours, spot heights and GISChoosing, constructing and presenting graphs and chartsReading and interpreting the main graph and chart typesNumber, area, scale and the relationships between unitsProportion and ratio, and measures of central tendency and spreadPercentages and percentiles, and designing data collection sheetsReading tables, and describing relationships in bivariate dataTrend lines and lines of best fitPredicting from data, and spotting weak statistical presentationDrawing and justifying conclusions from dataInterpreting images and written sources, and recognising biasJudging the limits of maps, graphs, statistics and images
Landscapes of the UK
People of the Planet
Topic overviewDefining and measuring developmentThe global pattern of development: ACs, EDCs and LIDCsWhy development is uneven, and the role of aidA developing or emerging country: its context and economyRostow’s model and the country’s path of developmentCities, megacities and world citiesWhy urban growth rates differ around the worldRapid urbanisation in poorer countries: causes and effectsA major city in a poorer or emerging country
People of the UK
Topic overviewThe UK’s trade, media and cultural links with the worldThe UK’s geographical diversity and its inequalitiesUneven development within the UK, and the effects of economic growthHow the UK’s population structure has changed since 1900Immigration into the UK in the twenty-first centuryUrban trends in the UK and their effectsA major UK city: its people, challenges and ways of life
UK Environmental Challenges
Topic overviewAir masses, the North Atlantic Drift and the UK’s extreme weatherA UK flood event: causes, effects and responsesHow people use, modify and change UK ecosystemsThe UK’s renewable and non-renewable energy sourcesChanging UK energy supply and demand, and sustainable useRenewables in the UK, and the future of fossil fuelsWhat shapes the UK’s energy choices
Environmental Threats to Our Planet
A drought caused by El Niño or La Niña
- 3 things to know
- Component 02
Overview
Normal conditions across the tropical Pacific, El Niño and La Niña and the regions each turns dry, how often they occur, how a shift in warm water leads to drought, a drought's effects on people and the environment, short-term responses and long-term adaptation, and Ethiopia's 2015–16 drought and its Productive Safety Net Programme.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What are conditions across the tropical Pacific like in a normal year?
Key term
Which regions tend to suffer drought during a La Niña event?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What are conditions across the tropical Pacific like in a normal year?
Model answer
The trade winds drive warm surface water westwards, so the western Pacific is warm, wet and stormy while cold water rises to the surface in the east.
- 2
What is El Niño?
Model answer
A periodic reversal of those conditions in which the trade winds weaken or blow the other way and warm surface water spreads back eastwards across the Pacific.
- 3
Which side of the Pacific turns unusually dry during an El Niño event?
Model answer
The western side, including Indonesia and eastern Australia, because the rising air and the rainfall it brings have shifted eastwards away from them.
- 4
What is La Niña?
Model answer
The opposite phase, in which the trade winds strengthen and pile still more warm water into the western Pacific, leaving the eastern Pacific unusually cold.
- 5
Which regions tend to suffer drought during a La Niña event?
Model answer
The eastern Pacific and the west coast of South America, along with parts of the southern United States and east Africa.
- 6
How often do El Niño and La Niña events happen?
Model answer
Irregularly, every few years, and each event usually lasts about a year before conditions return to normal.
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