Key term
OCR GCSE Geography A J383
Ecosystems of the Planet
Topic overviewAbiotic and biotic components, and how ecosystems interactThe world’s biomes: where they are and what they are likeWhere the tropical rainforests are, and what they are likeWhere the coral reefs are, and what they are likeRainforest processes and nutrient cyclingTwo threatened ecosystems: a rainforest and a coral reef
Environmental Threats to Our Planet
Topic overviewClimate change through the Quaternary, and since 1000ADThe evidence for climate changeNatural causes of climate change, and the enhanced greenhouse effectThe consequences of climate changeThe world’s climatic regions and global atmospheric circulationHow global circulation produces extreme weatherTropical storms: causes, distribution and frequencyA drought caused by El Niño or La Niña
Fieldwork Skills
Geographical Skills
Topic overviewConstructing maps, and reading cross-sections and transectsCoordinates, scale, distance and reading information from a mapGradient, contours, spot heights and GISChoosing, constructing and presenting graphs and chartsReading and interpreting the main graph and chart typesNumber, area, scale and the relationships between unitsProportion and ratio, and measures of central tendency and spreadPercentages and percentiles, and designing data collection sheetsReading tables, and describing relationships in bivariate dataTrend lines and lines of best fitPredicting from data, and spotting weak statistical presentationDrawing and justifying conclusions from dataInterpreting images and written sources, and recognising biasJudging the limits of maps, graphs, statistics and images
Landscapes of the UK
People of the Planet
Topic overviewDefining and measuring developmentThe global pattern of development: ACs, EDCs and LIDCsWhy development is uneven, and the role of aidA developing or emerging country: its context and economyRostow’s model and the country’s path of developmentCities, megacities and world citiesWhy urban growth rates differ around the worldRapid urbanisation in poorer countries: causes and effectsA major city in a poorer or emerging country
People of the UK
Topic overviewThe UK’s trade, media and cultural links with the worldThe UK’s geographical diversity and its inequalitiesUneven development within the UK, and the effects of economic growthHow the UK’s population structure has changed since 1900Immigration into the UK in the twenty-first centuryUrban trends in the UK and their effectsA major UK city: its people, challenges and ways of life
UK Environmental Challenges
Topic overviewAir masses, the North Atlantic Drift and the UK’s extreme weatherA UK flood event: causes, effects and responsesHow people use, modify and change UK ecosystemsThe UK’s renewable and non-renewable energy sourcesChanging UK energy supply and demand, and sustainable useRenewables in the UK, and the future of fossil fuelsWhat shapes the UK’s energy choices
Landscapes of the UK
Coastal landforms and how they form
- 3 things to know
- Component 01
Overview
How headlands and bays form, why headlands are attacked, the sequence from cave to arch to stack to stump, longshore drift, beaches in bays, and how a spit forms and curves.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Process
How does a cave form in a headland?
Key term
Why does a beach build up in a bay?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
How do headlands and bays develop where bands of hard and soft rock meet the sea at right angles?
Model answer
The weaker rock is eroded faster to form sheltered bays, while the more resistant rock is left jutting out into the sea as headlands.
- 2
Why is a headland attacked so heavily once it has formed?
Model answer
It sticks out into the sea, so waves bend round it and concentrate their energy on its sides, eroding it faster than the sheltered bays.
- 3
How does a cave form in a headland?
Model answer
Hydraulic action and abrasion widen a crack or line of weakness in the cliff until it is opened out into a hollow.
- 4
How is an arch created?
Model answer
A cave is eroded further back until it cuts right through the headland, leaving an opening with a bridge of rock above it.
- 5
How is a stack created?
Model answer
Waves and weathering widen the arch until its roof can no longer support its own weight and collapses, leaving an isolated pillar of rock offshore.
- 6
What eventually becomes of a stack?
Model answer
It is undercut at its base and collapses, leaving a low stump that is covered at high tide.
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