Key term
OCR GCSE Geography A J383
Ecosystems of the Planet
Topic overviewAbiotic and biotic components, and how ecosystems interactThe world’s biomes: where they are and what they are likeWhere the tropical rainforests are, and what they are likeWhere the coral reefs are, and what they are likeRainforest processes and nutrient cyclingTwo threatened ecosystems: a rainforest and a coral reef
Environmental Threats to Our Planet
Topic overviewClimate change through the Quaternary, and since 1000ADThe evidence for climate changeNatural causes of climate change, and the enhanced greenhouse effectThe consequences of climate changeThe world’s climatic regions and global atmospheric circulationHow global circulation produces extreme weatherTropical storms: causes, distribution and frequencyA drought caused by El Niño or La Niña
Fieldwork Skills
Geographical Skills
Topic overviewConstructing maps, and reading cross-sections and transectsCoordinates, scale, distance and reading information from a mapGradient, contours, spot heights and GISChoosing, constructing and presenting graphs and chartsReading and interpreting the main graph and chart typesNumber, area, scale and the relationships between unitsProportion and ratio, and measures of central tendency and spreadPercentages and percentiles, and designing data collection sheetsReading tables, and describing relationships in bivariate dataTrend lines and lines of best fitPredicting from data, and spotting weak statistical presentationDrawing and justifying conclusions from dataInterpreting images and written sources, and recognising biasJudging the limits of maps, graphs, statistics and images
Landscapes of the UK
People of the Planet
Topic overviewDefining and measuring developmentThe global pattern of development: ACs, EDCs and LIDCsWhy development is uneven, and the role of aidA developing or emerging country: its context and economyRostow’s model and the country’s path of developmentCities, megacities and world citiesWhy urban growth rates differ around the worldRapid urbanisation in poorer countries: causes and effectsA major city in a poorer or emerging country
People of the UK
Topic overviewThe UK’s trade, media and cultural links with the worldThe UK’s geographical diversity and its inequalitiesUneven development within the UK, and the effects of economic growthHow the UK’s population structure has changed since 1900Immigration into the UK in the twenty-first centuryUrban trends in the UK and their effectsA major UK city: its people, challenges and ways of life
UK Environmental Challenges
Topic overviewAir masses, the North Atlantic Drift and the UK’s extreme weatherA UK flood event: causes, effects and responsesHow people use, modify and change UK ecosystemsThe UK’s renewable and non-renewable energy sourcesChanging UK energy supply and demand, and sustainable useRenewables in the UK, and the future of fossil fuelsWhat shapes the UK’s energy choices
People of the Planet
Why development is uneven, and the role of aid
- 3 things to know
- Component 02
Overview
Physical reasons a country struggles to develop, the legacy of colonial rule, dependence on raw material exports, exploitation of natural resources, conflict and debt, short-term emergency and long-term development aid, bilateral and multilateral aid, tied aid, and how aid can hinder development.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What is meant by the exploitation of a poorer country’s natural resources?
Key term
How can conflict and debt hold a country back?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Give three physical reasons why a country may struggle to develop.
Model answer
Being landlocked with no port of its own, a climate prone to drought or flooding, and few useful natural resources.
- 2
How did colonial rule shape the economies of the countries that were colonised?
Model answer
They were made to supply cheap raw materials and to buy manufactured goods in return, so they built little industry of their own.
- 3
Why does depending on exports of raw materials keep a country poor?
Model answer
Raw materials earn far less than manufactured goods, and their world prices rise and fall unpredictably.
- 4
What is meant by the exploitation of a poorer country’s natural resources?
Model answer
Outside companies extract its minerals, timber, oil or fish and take most of the profit out of the country.
- 5
How can conflict and debt hold a country back?
Model answer
War destroys infrastructure and drives people from their homes, while repaying debt takes money that could build schools and hospitals.
- 6
What is short-term emergency aid?
Model answer
Food, water, shelter and medical help sent quickly after a disaster such as an earthquake or a flood.
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