According to Livingstone and Lunt, what is the public sphere and what role should media regulation play in relation to it?

The public sphere is the space where citizens can engage in debate and discussion about matters of public concern. Media regulation should protect and promote this democratic function.

What key tension do Livingstone and Lunt identify within media regulation?

A tension between the citizen interest (protecting the public sphere and democratic participation) and the consumer interest (promoting choice and market competition).

If a regulator prioritises consumer interests over citizen interests, what might be the consequence according to Livingstone and Lunt's analysis?

The public sphere and democratic participation may be undermined, as market competition and choice are prioritised over protection and access to quality information.

How does governance differ from regulation in Livingstone and Lunt's framework?

Governance refers to the broader systems and processes through which media industries are managed and controlled, extending beyond formal government regulation to include self-regulation and co-regulation.

Why do Livingstone and Lunt argue that traditional top-down regulation has become increasingly difficult to implement?

Due to the proliferation of media platforms and content.

What does regulation encompass in Livingstone and Lunt's analysis?

The formal rules, laws and regulatory bodies that govern media industries, such as Ofcom in the UK.

AQA A-Level Media Studies 7572

Media Language

Topic overview Codes and conventions Constructing meaning through media language Genre, hybridity and intertextuality Viewpoints, ideology and audience interpretation Semiotics: signs and their types Semiotics: paradigm, syntagm and anchorage Barthes: denotation, connotation and myth Narratology: narrative codes and diegesis Todorov: equilibrium, disruption and new equilibrium Genre theory as summarised by Neale Structuralism: binary oppositions and mythemes Structuralism: ideological reading and deconstruction Postmodernism: pastiche, bricolage and implosion Baudrillard: simulacra, simulation and hyperreality

Media Representation

Topic overview Constructing representations Why producers make the representational choices they do Social and cultural context in representation Stereotypes: positive and negative use Under-representation and misrepresentation Representation, realism and the values it carries Industry contexts and representational choice Discourse, ideology and audience positioning Theories of representation: stereotypes and countertypes Theories of representation: misrepresentation and selective representation Theories of representation: ideology, hegemony and constructed reality Hall on representation: encoding and decoding Theories of identity as summarised by Gauntlett Feminist theories: the male gaze and patriarchy Feminist theories: van Zoonen and hooks Theories of gender performativity Theories around ethnicity and postcolonial theory

Media Industries

Topic overview Production, distribution and circulation Ownership and control Economics and funding of media industries Marketing and maintaining audiences Regulation of media in the UK Digital convergence and the individual producer Regulation in global production and circulation Curran and Seaton: regulation, deregulation and the free market Curran and Seaton: concentration, conglomerates and public service broadcasting Curran and Seaton: neo-liberalism, surveillance and privacy Curran and Seaton: the central argument Livingstone and Lunt: the public sphere and governance Livingstone and Lunt: media literacy Livingstone and Lunt: power, value and globalisation Cultural industries as summarised by Hesmondhalgh

Media Audiences

Topic overview Grouping and categorising audiences Targeting, attracting, reaching and addressing audiences Media technologies and patterns of consumption Mass and specialised audiences Niche and fan audiences Audience interpretation and its circumstances Media effects: uses and gratifications Media effects: hypodermic needle and moral panic Media effects: media literacy Bandura: social learning and imitation Cultivation theory: socialisation and the bardic function Gerbner: cultivation differential, mainstreaming and resonance Reception theory: agenda setting, framing and myth making Hall on reception: the three reading positions Fandom 'End of audience' theories

Contexts of the Media

Topic overview Social context Cultural context Economic context Political context Historical context Analysing media products in context

Media Forms and Products

Topic overview Advertising and marketing Music video Radio Newspapers Film as an industry Television Magazines Online, social and participatory media Video games

The Cross-Media Production and Assessment

Topic overview Close study products and how they are used The NEA brief and its requirements The Statement of Intent Applying the theoretical framework in production Producing across platforms for a specified audience Extended response and synopticity

Media Industries

Livingstone and Lunt: the public sphere and governance

3 things to know
Media One and Media Two

Overview

Habermas and the public sphere, the citizen and consumer tension, governance against regulation, and co-regulation.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What is the public sphere?

Evaluation

What tension do Livingstone and Lunt identify in media regulation?

Key term

How does governance differ from regulation?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
According to Livingstone and Lunt, what is the public sphere and what role should media regulation play in relation to it?
Model answer
The public sphere is the space where citizens can engage in debate and discussion about matters of public concern. Media regulation should protect and promote this democratic function.
2
What key tension do Livingstone and Lunt identify within media regulation?
Model answer
A tension between the citizen interest (protecting the public sphere and democratic participation) and the consumer interest (promoting choice and market competition).
3
If a regulator prioritises consumer interests over citizen interests, what might be the consequence according to Livingstone and Lunt's analysis?
Model answer
The public sphere and democratic participation may be undermined, as market competition and choice are prioritised over protection and access to quality information.
4
How does governance differ from regulation in Livingstone and Lunt's framework?
Model answer
Governance refers to the broader systems and processes through which media industries are managed and controlled, extending beyond formal government regulation to include self-regulation and co-regulation.
5
Why do Livingstone and Lunt argue that traditional top-down regulation has become increasingly difficult to implement?
Model answer
Due to the proliferation of media platforms and content.
6
What does regulation encompass in Livingstone and Lunt's analysis?
Model answer
The formal rules, laws and regulatory bodies that govern media industries, such as Ofcom in the UK.

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